IREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

9nm 2ie<jta

araoi fowfur 2016

5510^ 2

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 201 6 x

t VOLUME 2 V

WrT cFT TT^r

A

W Wot *T%<TT 2016

2

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

VOLUME 2

mi«h

C\

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

SP 7 : 2016

FIRST PUBLISHED 1970 FIRST REVISION 1983 SECOND REVISION 2005 THIRD REVISION 2016

© BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

ICS 01.120; 91.040.01

PRICE ?

PUBLISHED BY BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS, MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG, NEW DELHI 110002; TYPESET AT SUNSHINE GRAPHICS, 263, TELIWARA, SHAHDARA, DELHI 1 1 0032; PRINTED AT J. J. OFFSET PRINTERS, A-24, SECTOR 68, NOIDA, GAUTAM BUDH NAGAR, UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA).

CONTENTS

Volume 1

Foreword ... (v)

Committee Composition ... (ix)

Important Explanatory Note for Users of the Code ... (xxx)

Information for the Users about Availability of the Code in Groups ... (xxxi)

Total Pages

Part 0 Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code ... 12

Part 1 Definitions ... 28

Part 2 Administration ... 32

Part 3 Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements ... 150

Part 4 Fire and Life Safety ... 116

Part 5 Building Materials ... 46

Part 6 Structural Design

Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects ... 134

Section 2 Soils and Foundations ... 60

Section 3 Timber and Bamboo

3A Timber ... 56

3B Bamboo ... 30

Section 4 Masonry ... 86

Section 5 Concrete

5 A Plain and Reinforced Concrete ... 118

5B Prestressed Concrete ... 52

Section 6 Steel ... 138

Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction

7A Prefabricated Concrete ... 42

7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction ... 12

Section 8 Glass and Glazing ... 80

Volume 2

Important Explanatory Note for Users of the Code ... (iv)

Information for the Users about Availability of the Code in Groups ... (v)

Total Pages

Part 7 Construction Management, Practices and Safety ... 76

Part 8 Building Services

Section 1 Lighting and Natural Ventilation ... 56

Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations ... 172

Section 3 Air Conditioning, Pleating and Mechanical Ventilation ... 86

Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control ... 46

Section 5 Installation of Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks

5 A Lifts ... 96

5B Escalators and Moving Walks ... 44

Section 6 Information and Communication Enabled Installations ... 28

Part 9 Plumbing Services (Including Solid Waste Management)

Section 1 Water Supply ... 44

Section 2 Drainage and Sanitation ... 82

Section 3 Solid Waste Management ... 16

Section 4 Gas Supply ... 18

Part 10 Landscape Development, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

Section 1 Landscape Planning, Design and Development ... 34

Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures ... 24

Part 11 Approach to Sustainability ... 98

Part 12 Asset and Facility Management ... 98

(hi)

Important Explanatory Note for Users of the Code

In any Part/Section of this Code, where reference is made to ‘good practice’ in relation to design, constructional procedures or other related information, and where reference is made to ‘accepted standard’ in relation to material specification, testing, or other related information, the Indian Standards listed at the end of the Part/Section shall be used as a guide to the interpretation.

At the time of publication, the editions indicated in the standards were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreements based on any Part / Section are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards.

In the list of standards given at the end of a Part/Section, the number appearing within parentheses in the first column indicates the number of the reference of the standard in the Part/Section. For example:

a) Good practice [7(2)] refers to the Indian Standard given at serial number (2) of the list of standards given at the end of Part 7, that is, IS 16416 : 2016 ‘Construction project management: Project formulation and appraisal — Guidelines’.

b) Good practice [8-1(6)] refers to the Indian Standard given at serial number (6) of the list of standards given at the end of Section 1 of Part 8, that is, IS 3362 : 1977 ‘Code ofpractice for natural ventilation of residential buildings ( first revision)’ .

c) Good practice [8-3( 1 6)] refers to the Indian Standard given at serial number (16) of the list of standards given at the end of Section 3 of Part 8, that is, IS 4831 : 1968 ‘Recommendation on units and symbols for refrigeration’.

d) Accepted standard [8-5A(6)] refers to the Indian Standard given at serial number (6) of the list of standards given at the end of Subsection 5A of Part 8, that is, IS 14665 (Part 3/Sec 1 and 2) : 2000 ‘Electric traction lifts: Part 3 Safety rules, Section 1 Passenger and goods lifts, Section 2 Service lifts’.

e) Accepted standards [8-6(2)] refers to the Indian Standards given at serial number (2) of the list of standards given at the end of Section 6 of Part 8, that is, IS 9537 (Part 3) : 1983 ‘Specification for conduits for electrical installations: Part 3 Rigid plain conduits for insulating materials’ and IS 3419 : 1989 ‘Specification for fittings for rigid non-metallic conduits {second revision)’ .

f) Accepted standard [9-1(1)] refers to the Indian Standard given at serial number (1) of the list of standards given at the end of Section 1 of Part 9, that is, IS 10446 : 1983 ‘Glossary of terms relating to water supply and sanitation’.

(iv)

INFORMATION FOR THE USERS ABOUT AVAILABILITY OF THE CODE IN GROUPS

For the convenience of the users, the National Building Code of India 2016 is available as a comprehensive volume as well as in the following five groups, each incorporating the related Parts/Sections dealing with particular area of building activity:

Group 1

For Development/

PartO

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code

Building Planning

Part 1

Definitions

and Related

Part 2

Administration

Aspects

Part 3

Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements

Part 4

Fire and Life Safety

Part 5

Building Materials

Part 10

Landscape Development, Signs And Outdoor Display Structures

Section 1

Landscape Planning, Design and Development

Section 2

Signs and Outdoor Display Structures

Part 1 1

Approach to Sustainability

Group 2

For Structural

PartO

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code

Design and Related

Part 6

Structural Design

Aspects

Section 1

Loads, Forces and Effects

Section 2

Soils and Foundations

Section 3

Timber and Bamboo

3A Timber

3B Bamboo

Section 4

Masonry

Section 5

Concrete

5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete

5B Prestressed Concrete

Section 6

Steel

Section 7

Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite Construction

7A Prefabricated Concrete

7B Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite Construction

Section 8

Glass and Glazing

Part 1 1

Approach to Sustainability

Group 3

For Aspects

PartO

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code

Relating to

Part 7

Construction Management, Practices and Safety

Construction, and

Part 1 1

Approach to Sustainability

Asset/ Facility

Part 12

Asset and Facility Management

Management

Group 4

For Aspects

PartO

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code

Relating to Building

Part 8

Building Services

Services

Section 1

Lighting and Natural Ventilation

Section 2

Electrical and Allied Installations

Section 3

Air Conditioning, Pleating and Mechanical Ventilation

Section 4

Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control

Section 5

Installation of Lifts, Escalators and Moving Walks

5A Lifts

5B Escalators and Moving Walks

Section 6

Information and Communication Enabled Installations

Part 11

Approach to Sustainability

Group 5

For Aspects

PartO

Integrated Approach — Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the Code

Relating to

Part 9

Plumbing Services (including Solid Waste Management)

Plumbing Services

Section 1

Water Supply

and Solid Waste

Section 2

Drainage and Sanitation

Management

Section 3

Solid Waste Management

Section 4

Gas Supply

Part 1 1

Approach to

Sustainability

The information contained in different groups will serve the concerned professionals dealing with the respective areas. However, it is advisable that professionals essentially dealing with any of the above groups should also refer the other groups.

(v)

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 7 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ... 3

1 SCOPE ... 7

2 TERMINOLOGY ... 7

3 GENERAL ... 7

SECTION 1 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

4 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT ... 8

SECTION 2 CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SITE MANAGEMENT

5 PLANNING ASPECTS ... 17

SECTION 3 CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

6 CONSTRUCTION CONTROL AND PRACTICES ... 19

7 TEMPORARY WORKS ... 21

8 STORAGE, STACKING AND HANDLING PRACTICES ...23

SECTION 4 SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

9 SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION OF ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING ... 34

10 SAFETY IN DEMOLITION OF BUILDINGS ... 52

SECTION 5 REPAIRS, RETROFITTING AND STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS

11 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT ... 57

12 PREVENTION OF CRACKS ... 57

1 3 REPAIRS AND SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF BUILDINGS ... 58

SECTION 6 HABITAT AND WELFARE REQUIREMENTS FOR WORKERS

14 HABITAT AND OTHER WELFARE REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION ... 59 WORKERS

ANNEX A CHECK LIST FOR STACKING AND STORAGE OF MATERIALS ... 63

LIST OF STANDARDS ... 64

2

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

National Building Code Sectional Committee, CED 46

FOREWORD

This Code (Part 7) covers construction project management; construction planning, site management and building construction practices; storage, stacking and handling of materials; and safety of personnel during construction operations for all elements of a building and demolition of buildings; and habitat and welfare requirements for workers. It also covers guidelines relating to repairs, retrofitting and strengthening of buildings.

The principles enunciated in the various sections of this Part are to be ultimately utilized and implemented in the physical construction of the buildings with the required infrastructure. This would require sound construction practices and efficient management thereof in order to ensure that the implementation of the project is carried out within the estimated cost and planned period to the required quality standards and in a safe and sustainable manner. Workers in large number, both skilled and unskilled, are engaged in the innumerable construction works. Due to increased tempo of such a building activity and large scale mechanization, hazards of accidents could increase considerably. It is, therefore, imperative that adequate safety rules are laid down for every phase of construction work. It is also important to give due cognizance to habitat and welfare requirements of workers at construction site. This Part also deals with these aspects.

Planning the various construction operations before hand and making adequate arrangements for procurement and storage of materials, and the machinery to get work done is as important as carrying out these construction operations in accordance with good practice. Lack of planning or defective planning may result in avoidable delay in the completion of work and consequently increased hazards from the point of view of fire, health and structural soundness. This Part covers provisions in this regard.

A construction project is an endeavour undertaken by a project team on behalf of owner/client to create a built facility suited to the defined functional objectives. From inception to commissioning, the project goes through various distinct stages leading to progressive achievement of project objectives. Each stage involves specific inputs, processes (both technical and managerial) and deliverables. Typically, the life cycle of a project from commencement to completion involves the following stages:

a) Project formulation and appraisal — Inception, feasibility and strategic planning;

b) Project development — Project brief development, planning and design, finalization of proposals, procurement strategy, construction documentation including tender drawings, working drawings, specifications, cost estimates, bills of quantities, procurement documents;

c) Planning for construction — Sequencing of project components, planning tools, resource planning and time cost trade off;

d) Tender action — Open competitive bidding/pre-qualification of agencies, issue of tender documents, evaluation of bids, negotiation if required and award of work;

e) Construction — Execution, monitoring, control, work acceptance; and

f) Commissioning and handing over — Contractual closeout, financial closeout, defect liability commencement, facility handing over.

The distinct features of a construction project include the temporary nature of the organizations involved, the evolutionary process of project deliverables during project development stages and the unique output of the built facility. As a result of these features, unless there is efficient and effective project management, a construction project is faced with challenges of uncertainties leading to time over-runs, cost over-runs, changes in project parameters, loss of quality and inability to meet the functional objectives. While technical soundness of a proposal is an important aspect of a construction project, the management aspects, which involve techno-legal, financial and other issues, have also a significant role in the success of a project. Therefore, management functions and technical processes in a construction project need to be integrated towards achieving project objectives. Top management commitment plays an important role in harmoniously achieving these project objectives. In some of the public sector projects, it may be necessary to share relevant information with public at large through appropriate

PART 7 CONSTURCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

3

means. The overall management of a building construction project is very important to ensure that the objectives of such a project are achieved through scope management, procurement management, time management, cost management, quality management, risk management, communication management, human resources management, safety, health and environment management and integration management. This Part, therefore, gives guidelines on these areas.

The first version of this Part was formulated in 1970, which was subsequently revised in 1983 and 2005. In the first revision, information regarding handling operations that is unloading, stacking, lifting, loading and conveying of building materials, was also given along with the storage practices. Additional information regarding the use of ladders; safety requirements for floor and wall openings, railings and toe boards; piling and other deep foundations; constructions involving use of hot bituminous materials; and erection of structural steel work and concrete framed structures, etc, were included.

In the second revision, the Section 1 ‘Construction Practices’ of this Part, had been revamped to include the planning and management aspects. Further, provisions on construction using bamboo were also incorporated. The other important modifications incorporated in the second revision included comprehensive updating of the provisions with regard to stacking and storage of building materials and components, which were comprehensively covered in line with the revised IS 4082 : 1996 ‘Recommendations on stacking and storage of construction materials and components at site ( second revision)' ; addition of provisions of safety requirements of hoists/lifts for worker during construction; incorporation of aspects like preventive measures such as falling material hazards prevention, fall prevention, disposal of debris, fire protection, etc, with regard to safety at work site; addition of provisions regarding safety management at work sites; addition of a new section on ‘Maintenance management, repairs, retrofitting and strengthening of buildings’, covering aspects like maintenance management, prevention of cracks, and repairs and seismic strengthening of buildings; and updating of safety provisions with respect to demolition of buildings.

As a result of experience gained in implementation of 2005 version of this Part and feedback received as well as in view of formulation of new standards in the field of construction project management and construction practices and revision of some existing standards, including those on safety, a need to revise this Part was felt. This revision has, therefore, been prepared to take care of these aspects. This Part has been divided into six sections as follows, under which all technical provisions relating to their subject areas, have been given:

Section 1 Construction Management

Section 2 Construction Planning and Site Management

Section 3 Construction Practices

Section 4 Safety in Construction

Section 5 Repairs, Retrofitting and Strengthening of Buildings

Section 6 Habitat and Welfare Requirements for Workers

The significant changes incorporated in this revision include:

a) This Part has been divided into six Sections under which the provisions have been rearranged in a logical sequence;

b) Provisions on construction project management have been detailed which also now includes project formulation and appraisal.

c) Safety provisions with respect to scaffolding, piling and other deep foundations, blasting and related drilling operations, and construction involving use of hot bituminous materials have been updated;

d) A new clause on habitat and other welfare requirements for construction workers has been introduced;

e) A new clause on urban/city roads planning and construction, has been added;

f) A new clause on temporary works has been included;

g) Provisions on construction using bamboo has been shifted to Part 6 ‘Structural Design, Section 3B Bamboo, and a reference to the same has been given in this Part;

h) Provisions on maintenance management has been shifted to Part 12 ‘Asset and Facility Management’ of the Code and a reference to the same has been given in this Part; and

j) References to all the concerned Indian Standards have been updated.

Users are encouraged to employ suitable construction management software as an aid to implement provisions of

4

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

this Code. The guidelines may be applicable in general to all construction projects. However, for smaller projects, the applicability of various provisions may be decided appropriately by the parties concerned.

Provisions on sustainable building construction practices are covered in Part 11 ‘Approach to Sustainability’ of the Code.

The information contained in this Part is largely based on the following Indian Standards and Special Publications:

Safety code for scaffolds and ladders:

Scaffolds Ladders

Code of practice for excavation work (first revision)

Recommendations on stacking and storage of construction materials and components at site ( second revision)

Safety code for demolition of buildings ( second revision)

Safety requirements for floor and wall openings, railing and toe boards (first revision) Code of safety for piling and other deep foundations (first revision)

Safety code for construction involving use of hot bituminous materials (first revision) Safety code for erection of structural steel work Safety code for handling and storage of building materials Safety code for erection of concrete framed structures Safety code for protective barrier in and around buildings Recommendations for preventive measures against hazards at work places:

Falling material hazards prevention Fall prevention Disposal of debris Timber structures Fire protection

Code of practice for safety during additional construction and alteration to existing buildings

: Guidelines for construction project management: Part 1 General

Guidelines for habitat and welfare requirements for construction workers A reference to SP 62 : 1992 ‘Handbook on building construction practices (excluding electrical works)’ and SP 70 : 2001 ‘Handbook on construction safety practices’, may also be made.

All standards, whether given herein above or cross-referred to in the main text of this Part, are subject to revision. The parties to agreement based on this Part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards.

IS 3696

(Part 1 )

: 1987

(Part 2)

: 1991

IS 3764 :

1992

IS 4082 :

1996

IS 4130 :

1991

IS 4912 :

1978

IS 5121 :

2013

IS 5916 :

2013

IS 7205 :

1974

IS 7969 :

1975

IS 8989 :

1978

IS 13415

: 1992

IS 13416

(Part 1)

: 1992

(Part 2)

: 1992

(Part 3)

: 1994

(Part 4)

: 1994

(Part 5)

: 1994

IS 13430

: 1992

IS 15883 (Part 1)

2009

IS 16601

: 2016

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this Code is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 : 1 960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’ . The number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this Part.

PART 7 CONSTURCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

5

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA

PART 7 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

1 SCOPE

1.1 This Code (Part 7) covers construction project management; construction planning, site management and building construction practices; storage, stacking and handling of materials; and safety of personnel during construction operations for all elements of a building and demolition of buildings; and habitat and welfare requirements for workers. It also covers guidelines relating to repairs, retrofitting and strengthening of buildings.

1.2 The provisions in respect of sustainable building construction practices are covered in Part 1 1 ‘Approach to Sustainability’ of the Code which shall be used in conjunction with this Part.

1.3 Provisions relating to maintenance management are covered in Part 12 ‘Asset and Facility Management’ of the Code which has been referred to in this Part.

2 TERMINOLOGY

For the purpose of this Part, the following definitions shall apply, and for other terms those given in the accepted standards [7(1)] shall apply.

2.1 Authority Having Jurisdiction

The authority which has been created by a statute and which for the purpose of administering the Code/Part, may authorize a committee or an official to act on its behalf; hereinafter called the ‘Authority’.

2.2 Definitions Relating to Safety in Construction

2.2.1 Construction Equipment — All equipment, machinery, tools and temporary retaining structures and working platforms, that is, tools, derricks, staging, scaffolds, runways, ladders and all material, handling equipment including safety devices.

2.2.2 Floor Hole — An opening measuring less than 300 mm but more than 25 mm in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard, through which materials but not persons may fall; such as, a belt hole, pipe opening or slot opening.

2.2.3 Floor Opening — An opening measuring 300 mm or more in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement or yard through which person may fall; such as hatch way, stair or ladder opening, pit or large manhole.

2.2.4 Guard Railing — A barrier erected along exposed edges of an open side floor opening, wall opening,

ramp, platform, or catwalk or balcony, etc, to prevent fall of persons.

2.2.5 Materials Handling Hoists — A platform, bucket or similar enclosure exclusively meant for the lifting or lowering of construction material, the hoists being operated from a point outside the conveyance.

2.2.6 Pile Rig — The complete pile driving equipment comprising piling frame, leader, hammer, extractor winch and power unit. Complete pile driving rig may be mounted on rafts or pontoon or rails. Pile rig may also be a mobile unit mounted on trailers or trucks, or a special full revolving rig for raking piles.

2.2.7 Platform — A working space for persons, elevated above the surrounding floor or ground, such as balcony or platform for the operation of machinery and equipment.

2.2.8 Scaffold — A temporary structure consisting of standards, putlogs, ledgers, generally of bamboo, Bailies, timber or metal to provide a working platform for workers and materials in the course of construction, maintenance, repairs and demolition, and also to support or allow hoisting and lowering of workers, their tools and materials.

2.2.9 Toe Board — A vertical barrier erected along exposed edge of a floor opening, wall opening, platform, catwalk or ramp to prevent fall of materials or persons.

2.2.10 Wall Hole — An opening in any wall or partition having height of less than 750 mm but more than 25 mm and width unrestricted.

2.2.11 Wall Opening — An opening in any wall or partition having both height of at least 750 mm and width of at least 450 mm.

3 GENERAL

3.1 A general overview of construction project management and information regarding the applicable tools and techniques are covered in Section 1 ‘Construction Management’ of this Part, which also demarcates various stages of a construction project and activities thereunder. Section 1 gives brief guidelines on project formulation and appraisal, and various construction project management functions; and for detailed guidelines on each of these, gives reference to the available good practices.

Construction planning and site management, plays an

PART 7 CONSTURCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

7

important role in smooth progress of a building construction activity and are covered in Section 2 ‘Construction Planning and Site Management’. The knowledge of actual technical provisions in regard to practices relating to various building components starting from sub-structure to super-structure, play a key role in achieving the quality of building construction. Also, temporary enabling works; proper stacking and storage of materials; and well planned handling operations, have important role in proper, safe and smooth progress in construction work at site. The provisions in respect of these are covered in Section 3 ‘Construction Practices’.

The objectives of sound construction of buildings having requisite quality, durability and finish has to be duly dovetailed with the goals of safety whether during construction of a new building or addition/alteration to an existing building part thereof or during demolition of an existing building. Section 4 ‘Safety in Construction’ covers provisions to these effects.

Section 5 ‘Repairs, Retrofitting and Strengthening of Buildings’ covers repair, retrofitting and strengthening of existing buildings and Section 6 ‘Habitat and Welfare Requirements for Workers’ deals with habitat and other welfare requirements for construction workers at site.

3.2 The objective of universal design and accessibility is to ensure that all users, including those with disabilities and elderly people are able to access all the facilities within the built environment including in the public buildings, on an equal basis. Requirements for accessibility in built environment for the elderly and for persons with disabilities as given in 13 of Part 3 ‘Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements’ of the Code shall be complied with at all stages of the construction project.

SECTION 1 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

4 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT 4.1 General

4. 1 . 1 A proj ect is generally a non-recurring task having a definable beginning and end, with a definite mission and has a set of objectives and achievements. Project management is application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to achieve the objectives of a defined project with the aim to ensure that a project is completed within the scheduled time, authorized cost and to the requirement of quality standards. Construction project management refers to such project management when applied to construction of built facility. Project objectives depend on the requirements of the built facility. From the point of view of construction project management, project objectives may be defined in

terms of scope, time, cost and quality. This may usually take place in project appraisal stage and shall be done in accordance with the good practice [7(2)]. Information and guidelines given under 4.1.2 to 4.1.6 shall be appropriately utilized under different stages of construction project.

4.1.2 Stakeholder

Stakeholder is a person, group of persons or organizations who are actively involved in the project or those who have an interest in the success of a project and its environment. Generally in a construction project, besides the owner/client, the project manager, consultants, construction agencies and the users are the stakeholders. In addition, depending on the nature of the project, there may be other stakeholders such as financer, government and public at large.

4.1.3 Construction Project Life Cycle

Construction project life cycle consists of project formulation and appraisal, project development, planning for construction, tender action, construction, and commissioning and handing over, as main stages. These stages involve defined decisions, deliverables and completion of mile-stones for control of project, ensuring that the adverse impact of uncertainties is overcome at each stage in the progress. Accordingly, the responsibilities of project team should be defined and measured for acceptance, and liabilities determined objectively.

Project objectives, drawn out of feasibility established in the appraisal stage, are achieved progressively through each of the project life cycle stages. The stage- wise break-up of project objectives, tasks, compliance and authorization to proceed further in the next stage should be structured comprehensively through various stages of life cycle. Each stage of construction project life cycle may be considered as a subproject, thus making overall complexities of a project more manageable.

A typical construction project life cycle is given in Fig. 1.

4.1.4 Construction Project Delivery Models

Project delivery model determines the manner in which the project is planned, designed, executed and contract administration carried out. It also determines the contractual relationships between the owner/client, design consultants and construction agency. The delivery model shall define the span of control and role and responsibilities of each of the above parties. The main types of project delivery models that are in vogue in construction projects are: (a) Traditional design-bid- build, (b) Design-build with variants, (c) Turn-key and (d) Build, operate and transfer and its variants. Each

8

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

TIME - -

Fig. 1 Typical Construction Project Life Cycle

of the delivery models can adopt different types of contracts depending upon the suitability of the contract type in relation to the nature and type of projects, project objectives and other project specific considerations.

4.1.5 Construction Methodologies and Techniques

Suitable construction methodologies and techniques, such as, conventional, prefabrication, systems building approach, mixed/composite construction, mechanization in construction and other innovative technologies, shall be defined considering design principles adopted and also considering the project objectives in terms of factors, like, scope, time, cost and quality requirements. Method statement may be made for all critical items of work.

4.1.6 Organizational Structures

Organizational structure depends on the project delivery model. As an example, a typical organization chart for Design-Bid-Build model is given in Fig. 2.

4. 1.6.1 Construction project management organizational teams

For any given project delivery model, an appropriate organizational structure shall be selected so as to facilitate constitution of teams across various agencies involved. Such teams are fundamental functional units generally specific to each of the life cycle stages of a project.

Flealth, Safety and Environment (HSE) and quality set up shall directly report to the Project Manager.

4.2 Stages of a Construction Project

4.2.1 Typically a construction project (whether small or large) may be considered to involve the following distinct broad stages:

a) Project formulation and appraisal stage:

1) Inception,

2) Feasibility, and

3) Strategic planning.

b) Pre-construction stage:

1) Project development,

2) Planning for construction, and

3) Tender action.

c) Construction stage, and

d) Commissioning and handing over stage.

4.2.2 Project Formulation and Appraisal Stage

For successful management of construction projects, the earlier stages when the construction project is conceived, formulated and its feasibility assessed, leading to decision to implement the project, are equally important. The guidelines given in the good practice [7(2)] should be employed during project formulation and appraisal stage of a construction project.

NOTE — This stage of a construction project is basically the preliminary stage covering activities up to the stage of preparation of proposals for obtaining approval for implementing the project including financial approval and includes inception, pre-feasibility, feasibility, related project strategic planning and viability assessment and review prior to approval of project.

For all other above stages, the relevant construction management function guidelines given in 4.3 should be employed for achieving the intended objectives.

4.2.3 Pre-Construction 4.2.3. 1 Project development This shall involve the following:

PART 7 CONSTURCTION MANAGEMENT, PRACTICES AND SAFETY

9

NOTE — ‘Consultants’ may cover in-house teams or outside consultants.

Fig. 2 Typical Organization Structure for Design-Bid-Build Model

a) Formalization of design brief;

b) Site survey and soil investigation;

c) Fiazard risk vulnerability analysis;

d) Alternative concept designs with costing and finalization;

e) Preliminary designs and drawings;

f) Development of design of each discipline and their integration;

g) Obtaining statutory approvals;

h) Selection of construction methodology;

j) Preliminary cost estimates;

k) Detailed planning and design of each discipline;

m) Construction working drawings and related specifications with integration of engineering inputs of all concerned disciplines;

n) Detailed cost estimates;

p) Detailed specifications and bills of quantities; and

q) Tender documents.

Peer review/proof checking of the drawings/designs/ estimates shall be done in case of important projects, depending upon their complexity and sensitivity. Environment impact analysis and social impact analysis shall be done in applicable cases.

4.2.3.2 Planning for construction

The following aspects shall be considered:

a) Sequencing of project components,

b) Planning tools:

1) Work breakdown structures (WBS),

2) Bar charts, and

3) Network techniques and scheduling.

c) Resource planning, and

d) Time cost trade off.

4.2.3.2.1 Sequencing of project components

Methodology of construction shall be detailed before the start of the project. Sequencing of project components shall be done on the basis of methodology adopted and availability of resources. This shall be reviewed during the progress of the project and revised, if necessary.

4.2.3.2.2 Planning tools

The planning tools described below may be employed for effective management of a construction project:

a) Work breakdown structure (WBS) — The WBS shall identify the total scope of works involved in the project and shall form the basis for the development of detailed project schedule. Through WBS, the project shall be subdivided into major subdivisions (work packages) and each major subdivision shall be further subdivided into additional levels as required up to the level of activities that could form the basis for monitoring and control of project performance in terms of time, cost and quality parameters. WBS shall provide activity listing with associated cost account codes for the preparation of project schedule either by bar charts or by network diagramming methods.

b) Bar chart — Bar chart is the simplest form of

10

NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2016

project scheduling and used for small and complex projects and in preliminary planning and tender-stages of major projects. A typical bar chart form of project schedule depicts the various activities on a calendar time scale in the form of bars in their relative positions with start and finish dates and length of bar indicating probable activity duration. Linked bars represent the interdependencies between the activities. Bar chart type of schedule shall be used to comprehend, summarize and display the results of complex project network analysis and further monitoring and controlling process.

c) Network techniques and scheduling

1) Network diagramming methods — Network based project schedule shall be used for major and complex projects. In this method, the network of project activities identified through WBS is developed incorporating their logical relationships and interdependencies. The two available approaches for network diagramming techniques are arrow diagramming method (ADM) and precedence diagramming method (PDM).

2) Network analysis and scheduling — The project network incorporating the activity durations and logical relationships shall be analyzed with forward and backward pass schedule calculations to establish early and late start and finish time of activities with their available floats, critical activities, critical path and overall project duration. The project schedule is prepared in terms of calendar dates of start and finish of activities with available floats. The network schedule shall also be presented in the form of linked bar chart or in tabular format.

For details on network preparation and analysis, reference shall be made to good practices [7(3)]. Network schedule shall be prepared for all disciplines and they shall be integrated into a master control schedule.

4.2.3.2.3 Resource planning

This shall involve the following:

a) Resource allocation — The feasibility of the network shall be checked with respect to manpower, equipment, materials, other resources required at the site.

b) Resource levelling — It shall be done by re¬ allocating the slack resources from non- critical path to critical path activity in order

to obtain a reduction of time or by shifting the activities within the floats available with them, to obtain optimum uniform resource requirements.

c) Resource schedule — Schedule of following resource requirements with respect to time shall be prepared on the basis of network developed and kept in the database for project control purposes:

1) Technology,

2) Manpower:

i) Technical staff,

ii) Skilled labour,

iii) Unskilled labour,

3) Machinery,

4) Materials, and

5) Cash flow.

Resource schedule shall be prepared separately for client, consultant and construction agency.

4.2.3.2.4 Time cost trade off

Time cost trade off analysis shall be done to obtain a minimum total cost of the project within the specified time. This shall be done taking into consideration direct cost and indirect cost of the project.

4.2.3.3 Tender action

4.2.3.3.1 Preparation of tender documents

The bill of quantities, specifications, drawings and conditions of contract should be prepared on the basis of design and details finalized in project proposal development stage (see 4.2.3. 1) keeping in view the construction project delivery model selected. The format, terminologies and terms and conditions should be as per the standard engineering practices. In case of any special item or condition, the same shall be described clearly to avoid any ambiguity.

4.2.3.3.2 Selection of construction agency Selection of construction agency shall be done by either:

a) Open competitive bidding — In this case, tender notice should be publicized adequately to obtain competitive tenders from competent agencies for the project; or

NOTE — Electronic tendering could also be considered.

b) Limited competitive bidding — In large, specialized and important works, prequalification of contractors shall be done considering their financial capability, bid capacity, experience of