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ORONO, MAINE

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PART Il OF THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MAINE.

NGOSIER: KENNEBEC JOURNAL PRINT

The Bulletins of this Station will be sent free to any address in Maine. All requests should be sent to Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE Wetterrotatrans miittaleac sesassuvyeraiey sis cleleletoeneteln one ouciokedetevel lets eisisy'sle\ efe,(e 5 @Oiicers ofthe Station) ase ee arcsec sie atetare ES Ae ah Ae ae 6 LNT TONS 1013 TERRORS BOSON COO OcIdeM cop nao ceca n DON GO 7 EXCKNO WLECRTMEMES: jo sare eiciatessivieierete aiSrotetelatenel ale ovensia aiavreietedeyaalelstelsle l(a 10 Bulletins issued in 1898:

Nov ates Deh orninig: COW Stee sers.«srreraine a ace eeu eee oyna dareleerareys 13 No. 42, Ornamenting home grounds...................... 19 INOMAS se bertilizenimnspectionmn-r-rerc ee rinceree erties 25 Nowa74as Feedineystiuti inspection mee -e-ire ienerettare sete ree 25 INowAS hertilizerunspectionme)--iaseeeaecnece niceties 25 No. 46, Some ornamental plants tor Maine...............- 26 No. 47, Wheat offals sold in Maine in 1808................ 32 Inspections for 1898........... EGR rat die Maa sor cos eles ava a taneustnNeys 254 Rete 38 Box experiments «with phosphoricracidher 1. cle cml eile siete let 64 Analyses OL rodderspand teedinewstithsee ee pretreat 75 Digestion experiments with sheepaees-1)-ss-es-e4scseee cesar e 79 Oat hay harvested at different stages of maturity............... 93 Effect of food on the hardness of butter and composition of Ro tab he ra tchca tie eee cee ees eel ence tare a sit ae Re ap ss of year eet eee 97 Effect of feeding fat on the fat content of the milk.............. 114 injunvessmilliped 6Smsepeeas 3 acntonsk holoeraes slctee i ean eos eens 118 An injurious caddice fly Sibi NaS edt avaetenec ves charetisliornrensraratte ave tebeen are wale 122 ImSeCtsHOt the: ivear Mame veces a= eetst ness erator meh ter laces valle ole ato alslemcoeaale 125 INotesyonsthesplantsrorithe! yeanenaearieee cece seein eos cic eee 131 shtiberculosissand thes Stationmhendee eee rere teen enna eteeetoee 136 Nest box for keeping individual egg records.................... I4I Number of laying hens that can be profitably kept in one pen.... 144 Jalresital 1 Haxeo} Co HME G orion jc lotic Cote Sun ROC Caen cEaIeme tte 148 Comparison of large and small radish seed..................... 158 iteckorasubwatering Tadishesrmen caer ereicisia een cena 161 Blveberwye in Main@ai2o <n ea tie ace eel ae eee Notch: 164 Experiments upon the digestibility of bread with men........... 173 Dicestibility: of breads... santa cota toe we oan oon Siew one 190 Acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen. Soil inoculation........... 208 Skimmed milk vs. water in bread making.................-.00+ 213 Rollmation and tertilizationiorilOweLrseeneenceiceeeitceaceicein 219 iIMetcorologicalvobsenvations: steerer aac ciiberion mies sien 230 epont o£ the, Ereasurer ne taanmcs teria ce or co mecret atu ne Saisie ete 232

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STATE OF MAINE.

AV V/aarris, Sc De President of the University of Maine: S1r:—I transmit herewith the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station for the year ending December 31, 1898. CHARLES. DD.’ WOODS; Director. Orono, Maine, December 31, 1808.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

ORONO, MAINE.

THE STATION COUNCIL.

PRESIDENT ABRAM W. HARRIS ....- - = + « - - « President DIRECTOR CHARGES D-WoenSs Jess 2 2 <= = =e = =) Weercuey BENJAMIN F. Brices, Auburn ...... . 7} Ceniemer ARTHUR (L. Moorr, Gantlen. 2). sis = Seo er

Board of Trustees Hneniorr Woop, Winthrop: =. -). 79 .) 2 - a

B. WALKER MCKEEN, Fryeburg. . . . State Board of Agriculture Ons) MEADE Albion) |). js icees =e) ean . State Grange CHARLES S. POPE, Manchester ... . . . State Pomological Society JAMES M. BARTLETT . oy OS) ee]

Lucius H. MERRILL . AER bc |

Francis L. HARVEY . a ee. ee c Members Keasonn Is sussenn ss SG) ie Sy eae f Ge eee WELTON M. MUNSON . Saeeue Cake |

GILBERT M. GOWELL. J

THE STATION STAFF.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY. CHAREES, De WOODSh).) ss joes els! -s 2 ee... ee erection

JAMES -M. BARTERI 2 5s 05-50. 6 (se Se) oS Sveum. | Chemise Lucws Ho MBERTEE) <2) es) «) ol i, eee. | cee (Chesane FRANCIS L. HARVEY ... .. . . . . Botanist and Entomologist

FREMONT 1). RUSSELE, << 2 3s (bh (e200) 2) See vecerinanran WELTON M. MUNSON . : - © = 292° 2% GS 5 Se eaoroenituast GILBERT M. GOWELL : huts. s,s ee as. SEmePAGTICUICUTISE Lucius J. SHEPARD ....... =. . « Assistant Horticulturist Ona’ W.:. KNIGHT =) SOs 6 Se ee eee sistant Chemzse ANDREW J. PATTEN © -) os 2° sce -e ete wie). “Assistant Chemvzst

HorRACcE L. WHITE . . Assistant Chemist

ANNOUNCEMENTS.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATION.

The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station was established in accordance with Chapter 294 of the Public Laws of 1885 “for the purpose of protection from frauds in commercial fertil- izers, and from adulterations in foods, feeds and seeds, and for the purpose of promoting agriculture by scientific investigation and experiment.”

In March, 1887, Congress passed an act establishing experi- ment stations in the several states. The Maine Legislature of 1887 accepted this grant and made the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station as it now is.

LHe OBJECT OF THE STATION.

The purpose of the experiment stations is defined in the act of Congress establishing them as follows:

“Tt shall be the object and duty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify experiments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally subject, with the remedies for the same; the chem- ical composition of useful plants at their different stages of growth; the comparative advantages of rotative cropping as pursued under a varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation; the analysis of soils and water ; the chemical composition of manures, natural and _ artificial, with experiments designed to test their comparative effects on crops of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plants; the composition and digestibility of the dif- ferent kinds of food for domestic animals; the scientific and economic questions involved in the production of butter and

8 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the agricultural industry of the United States as may in each case be deemed advisable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective states or territories.”

INSPECTIONS.

In accepting the provisions of the Act of Congress, the Maine Legislature withdrew the State appropriation for the mainte- nance of the Station, and thereby did away with the original purpose of the Station so far as it related to the “protection from frauds in commercial fertilizers, and from adulterations in foods, feeds and seeds.” In place of this, special laws regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers, concentrated commercial feeding stuffs and agricultural seeds, and the inspection of chemical glass-ware used by creameries, have been enacted, and their execution entrusted to the Director of the Station.

The Station officers take pains to obtain for analysis samples of all commercial fertilizers and concentrated commercial feed- ing stuffs coming under the law, but the organized co-opera- tion of farmers is essential for the full and timely protection of their interests. Granges and other organizations can render efficient aid by sending, early in the season, samples taken from stock in the market and drawn in accordance with the Station directions for sampling.

THE AIM OF THE STATION.

Every citizen of Maine, concerned in agriculture, farmer, manufacturer, or dealer, has the right to apply to the Station for any assistance that comes within its province. It is the wish of the Trustees and Station Council that the Station be as widely useful as its resources will permit.

In addition to its work of investigation, the Station is pre- pared to make chemical analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, dairy products and other agricultural materials; to test seeds and creamery glass-ware; to identify grasses, weeds, injurious fungi and insects, etc.; and to give information on agricultural matters of interest and advantage to the citizens of the State.

ANNOUNCEMENTS. 9

All work proper to the Experiment Station and of public benefit will be done without charge. Work for the private use of individuals is charged for at the actual cost to the Station. The Station offers to do this work only as a matter of accom- modation. Under no condition will the Station undertake analyses, the results of which cannot be published if they prove of general interest.

STATION PUBLICATIONS.

The Station publishes annually a report covering in detail its expenses, operations, investigations and results, and bul- letins giving popular accounts of the results of Station work which relate directly to farm practice. The bulletins are mailed free to all citizens who request them. The annual report is bound with that of the Board of Agriculture and distributed by the Secretary of the Board. This combined report can be ob- tained by addressing the Secretary of Agriculture, State House, Augusta, Maine. It is usually ready for distribution in August of each year.

CORRESPONDENCE.

As far as practicable, letters are answered the day they are received. Letters sent to individual officers are liable to remain unanswered, in case the officer addressed is absent. All com- munications should, therefore, be addressed to the

Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine.

The post office, railroad station, freight, express and telegraph address is Orono, Maine. Visitors to the Station can take the electric cars at Bangor and Old Town.

The telephone call is “Bangor, 27-3.”

Directions, forms and labels for taking samples, and charges for examining fertilizers, feeding stuffs and seeds for private parties can be had on application.

Parcels sent by express should be prepaid, and postage should be enclosed in private letters demanding a reply.

Remittances should be made payable to the undersigned.

CHAS. D. WOODS, Director.

ACKOWLEDGMENTS.

Acknowledgment is hereby made for the following giits to the Station during 1898:

Corn Germs—Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Ill.

Gluten Feed—Glucose Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, Il.

Seeds of Vetch, Peas, and Sunflower; Cherry Pits; Scions, Plants and Apple Trees; Currant and Raspberry Cuttings,— Cook’s Inlet, Alaska; Cranberry Plants from Sitka, Alaska— United States Dept. of Agriculture.

“Sample” Strawberry Plants—C. S. Pratt, Reading, Mass.

Apple Scions—Jules Lagacé, Upper Frenchville, Me.

Scythes—Nolin Manufacturing Co.

Green Arsenite—Adler Color & Chemical Works, New York City.

Laurel Green—Nichols Chemical Company, Syracuse, N. Y.

Skabcura—Skabcura Dip Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Nikoteen—Skabcura Dip Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Silicate and Muriate of Potash—German Kali Works, New York City.

“Diamond Crystal” Salt—Genesee Salt Company.

Champion Milk Cooler and Aerator.

Facile Babcock Apparatus.

Excelsior Incubator.—J. H. Stahl, Quincy, Il.

The following newspapers and other publications are kindly donated to the Station by the publishers:

Agricultural Epitomist, Indianapolis, Ind.

Agricultural Gazette, Sidney, New South Wales.

American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.

American Dairyman, New York City.

American Fertilizer, Philadelphia, Pa.

American Florist, Chicago, Ill.

American Grange Bulletin, Cincinnati, Ohio.

American Grocer, New York City.

American Miller, Chicago, Iil.

Baltimore Weekly Sun, Baltimore, Md.

———

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 1M

Bangor Weekly Commercial, Bangor, Me. Campbell’s Soil Culture, Omaha, Neb. Canadian Horticulturist, Grimsby, Ont. Chronique Agricole, Lausanne, Switzerland. Cultivator and Country Gentleman, Albany, N. Y. Dairy World, Chicago, Ill.

Detroit Free Press, Detroit, Mich.

Elgin Dairy Report, Elgin, Ill.

Farm, Furnace and Factory, Roanoke, Va. Farm Reporter, Charleston, W. Va. Farmer’s Advocate, Burlington, Vt. Farmer’s Advocate, London, Ont.

Farmer’s Guide, Huntington, Ind.

Farmer’s Home, Dayton, Ohio.

Farm Home, Springfield, IIl.

Farmers’ Tribune, Des Moines, Iowa. Farm and Home, Chicago, Ill.

Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Pa.

Farmer’s Magazine, Springfield, Ill. Farmer’s Review, Chicago, II.

Farmer’s Voice, Chicago, IIl.

Farming, Dayton, Ohio.

Florists Exchange, New York, N. Y. Forester, Princeton, N. J.

Brut, Dunkirk, No Ye

Gentleman Farmer, Chicago, III.

Green’s Fruit Grower, Rochester, N. Y. Hoard’s Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wis. Holstein Friesian Register, Brattleboro, Vt. Homestead, Des Moines, Iowa. Horticultural Visitor, Kinmundy, III. Independent Democrat, Morgan City, La. Jersey Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind.

Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, London, England. Journal of the Irish Dairy Association, Limerick, Ireland. Louisiana Planter, New Orleans, La. Lewiston Weekly Journal, Lewiston, Me. Maine Farmer, Augusta, Me.

Mark Lane’s Express, London, England. Market Basket, Philadelphia, Pa.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Market Garden, Minneapolis, Minn. Massachusetts Ploughman, Boston, Mass. Michigan Farmer, Detroit, Mich.

Michigan Fruit Grower, Grand Rapids, Mich. Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H. Montana Fruit Grower, Missoula, Mont. National Farmer and Stock Grower, National Stock Yards, Ill. National Stockman and Farmer, Boston, Mass. New England Farmer, Boston, Mass.

New England Florist, Boston, Mass.

New England Homestead, Springfield, Mass. New York Farmer, Port Jervis, N. Y.

New York Produce Review, New York City. North American Horticulturist, Monroe, Mich. Northern Leader, Fort Fairfield, Me. Northwestern Miller, Minneapolis, Minn. Ohio Farmer, Cleveland, Ohio.

Oregon Agriculturist, Portland, Oregon. Pacific Coast Dairyman, Tacoma, Wash. Park and Cemetery, Chicago, II.

Practical Farmer, Philadelphia, Pa.

Public Ledger, Philadelphia, Pa.

Ruralist, Gluckheim, Md.

Rural Californian, Los Angeles, Cal.

Rural Canadian, Toronto, Ont.

Rural Helper, York, Nebraska.

Rural New-Yorker, New York City. Southern Farm Magazine, Baltimore, Md. Southern Farmer, New Orleans, La. Southern Planter, Richmond, Va.

Southern States, Baltimore, Md. Southwestern Farmer, Wichita, Kans. Strawberry Specialist, Kittrell, N. C.

Sugar Beet, Philadelphia, Pa.

Turf, Farm and Home, Waterville, Me. Vick’s Magazine, Rochester, N. Y.

Wallace’s Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa. Western Agriculturist, Chicago, III.

Western Creamery, San Francisco, Cal.

Western Fruit Grower, St. Joseph, Mo. The World, Vancouver, B. C.

[Reprints of Bulletins issued in 1808. ]

BuLietTin No. 41. DEHORNING COWS. G. M. GoweELL anp F. L. RUSSELL.

In this country dehorning of cattle has been practiced to a considerable extent for about ten years and in England for a longer time. At first the methods used were very crude. The animal had to be closely confined and the horns were removed with a saw, which required considerable time and must have been very painful to the animal. Occasionally even now horns are removed with a saw but the common practice is to use specially constructed clippers, which do the work better in every way. Almost no apparatus is required to confine the animals and one stroke of the clippers removes a horn, frequently in a single second of time and with comparatively little pain. The operation has become so simple, that, in view of the very mani- fest advantages resulting from it, it is not strange that it is coming to be very generally adopted. Horns are no longer needed by cattle as weapons of defence against natural enemies and serve no good purpose.

EXPERT OPINION OF DEHORNING.

Dehorning is practiced at several experiment stations in this country and the published results indicate that the pain suffered by the animals is not to be compared with injuries which cattle inflict on each other with their horns. The Texas Station finds “that a drove of the wildest dehorned cattle may run loose together in a building like a flock of sheep, and they will fatten faster after dehorning than before.”

14 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

In Bulletin 54 of the Cornell Station, Professor Roberts gives quite a full account of the history of dehorning. He says it has been found to be of great practical utility in rendering animals more docile and quiet, in rendering them much less capable of injuring each other or mankind, and in reducing the space necessary for safe housing and shipping.

The following is quoted from the above named bulletin: “In Canada the Ontario government appointed a commission “To obtain the fullest information in reference to the practice recently introduced into this province of dehorning cattle, and to make full inquiry into and report the reasons for and against the practice.’

“Evidence was received from the representatives of all the interests affected by the practice, including farmers, dairymen, drovers, exporters, wholesale and retail butchers, cattle market attendants, tanners, hide merchants, veterinary surgeons, medi- cal practitioners and members of humane societies,—ninety- eight in all.

“Of the farmers examined, nearly seventy in number, all who.

had either performed or seen the operation performed, with three or four exceptions, were strongely in favor of it, the majority stating that they were prejudiced against it on the grounds of cruelty until they gained a practical knowledge of it. Of the farmers opposed to the practice, not more than three or four had ever seen the operation, but they thought it cruel and unnec- essary.

“Evidence as to the loss caused by animals using their horns upon each other was given by cattle buyers and others in fre- quent attendance at the cattle market, and also by butchers and tanners.

“Among veterinary surgeons a considerable conflict of opin- ion was found to exist. As in the case of the farmers, those who had seen the operation and observed its effects were in favor of it, while those who had not seen it were opposed to it.

“Indeed, as regards all the evidence received by the commis- sion, it might almost be given as the rule that where the opera- tion was properly and skillfully performed, those witnessing it, however prejudiced before, became converts to it, while the great bulk of the opposition came from parties not acquainted with

6 wen ta

DEHORNING COWS. 15

the operation, and who entertained exaggerated ideas as to its severity.

“Tn no case were witnesses able to refer to an instance where a farmer was dissatisfied with the results or willing to give up his right to continue the practice, after having performed the operation.

“Tn addition to the evidence as to the amount of pain involved in the operation, much evidence was received as to the com- mercial advantages accruing from the operation, and empha- sizing the point that a great deal of suffering is prevented by the removal of the horns.”

As a result of the inquiry the commission unanimously recom- mended that the practice of dehorning be permitted and encouraged.

DEHORNING AT THE MAINE STATION.

Part of the Station herd were hornless; the remainder were dehorned to secure a greater degree of quiet among the animals when all alike were dehorned, and to lessen the danger of injury to each other and the attendants.

While the Station has never lost an animal from goring, we have at several different times had animals severely injured, and not a season passes but some of the herd are marked by the sharp horns of their companions. In winter, when the animals are turned into the yards for exercise, their exuberance of spirits and love of frolic sometimes carry them so far as to cause them to chastise each other severely. The most serious trouble occurs during fly time when animals, desperate from the annoyance of the winged pests, rush among their mates, hooking right and left, and showing no mercy in their momentary frenzy.

For the last three years the calves born in the Station herd have been dehorned when young by the use of caustic potash. The dehorning has been done as soon as the buttons could be felt, and not later than twenty days from birth. Calves dehorned at this age have never yet shown any horns. One, dehorned when thirty-five days old, developed dwarfed horns an inch or an inch and a half long.

Dehorning with potash is done by clipping the hair away from around the buttons, moistening the end of the potash slightly,

16 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

and rubbing one embryo horn for four or five seconds, then moistening the potash again and rubbing the other horn in the same manner. Each horn should be thus treated four or five . times. Four or five minutes’ time is required in dehorning a calf. Care should be taken not to have too much moisture about the potash as it might spread and remove the hair from too large asurface. The calf should be kept from getting wet during the next few days for the same reason.- Healing soon follows the operation and smooth polls have resulted in every case except the one mentioned as having been done at too late an age.

The eleventh of last June, all of the cows in the herd with horns were dehorned. All the wounds bled at the time of the operation. Two bled considerably for about an hour and slightly for another hour, but no animal gave evidence of. suf- fering from loss of blood. The operation was evidently painful to the animals. The period of pain appeared to be limited to the time when the clipper was in process of closing, which was at most but a few seconds in each case. After being released the animals went about the paddock as usual, and an hour or two later, when they were put into the barn, they ate their dinner as though nothing unusual had taken place.

The milk yield showed no appreciable decrease, even on the days immediately following the operation. As it was not intended, at the time, to prepare a bulletin upon the subject, the daily milk records were destroyed after being credited upon the monthly account, consequently they cannot be presented here.

On page 17 are presented the monthly milk and-fat yields of all the cows from May to August, inclusive, that the reader may have the data relative to the thrift and condition of the animals since the operation. As will be seen in the table, most of the animals were well advanced in the period of lactation. The shrinkage in milk flow and butter yield is for the most part less than would be usually expected from advancement in period of lactation. The dehorning apparently had no effect upon either milk flow or yield of butter fat.

Our experience is in accord with that elsewhere. The Min- nesota Station compared the yield of milk and butter fat of nine cows for three milkings before dehorning with the yield of the same cows for three milkings after dehorning. A very

DEHORNING

COWS.

17

slight decrease was noticed. That even this small decrease was due to other causes than dehorning is indicated from the fact that the relative decrease in the milk and fat yield was greater in the case of six cows that were not dehorned.

Yields of milk and butter fat for two months before and two months after dehorning, and for the month of June in which

the cows were dehorned.

o . - i) o nm N ele n Ss [alesieS| o | | | z oo RSS lis bs P 2 ial 2 De Snlog a, 2 2 = > ia) <p/eSlec < = 5 5 < iLOBLITOP .......... Jersey ---.-- oy gO a LMS FAIEIClagoconcd|oo 00 G09 bovdllba0a ; oe 637 672 713 643 559 PB UEGCEID LAT cre ciaveie nicl lercietereiorciere cle ieis Fisval|ernerallnereis 27.4 2 34.2 30.9 26.3 TOE couagnacobeccas Jersey .....- NO WOME SAIC cononodlouce poo0020000||b006||50c sllodde 584 598 587 567 555 MB UGG TE ath ooseseie/«jo'=){leialelalare ereieve eile «| 2 <reelllsrete al|seas 23.7 23.9 28.7 26.7 26.7 @p 00) S) Gasaoo005000 Jersey ...... 8 9 4 MGUIRE FAIENClosoacoadloccoo Begoconellanaslloc salldoad 464 452 465 262 163 13400 HEE TENE Goagosonllocououaoeoabcalloonoliococllaca c 23.2 18.1 23.3 12.3 Sic)! SEIOIEM Goooondcobeg0as Jersey «....- 6} 8| 4 DMT kas yalelGleyeretetateratall stotersteetetetereretaters|| (= coallvacollnaod 399 400 343 334 293 LBA ISIPIENY oocQqGHdOoSOOOD GDUeOOOlloCG alloooal) cos 21.6 20.8 18.8 18.4 16.8 Ubon cia Gegocndcouooocd Gamo eee Milk yield co llocaall- 826 789 759 693 640 Butter fat Honllacdalloans 45.5 39.4 42.5 34.6 32.0 LOWE coconccacden so fs) Sino Milk yield 500 Sconlloded 567 577 582 534 472 Butter fat -. alldoosadoo 26.1 28.3 30.8 33-7} 26.4 P NINIENG Goood oo a 3] 10 Milk yield. Fonllocodlntne 268 719 673 644 645 Butter fat... SA00||oa6glloone 9.4 25.2 33.6 30.9 33.5 “OOM, ano 560050n0 LOWRSiieeo Milk yield Aomalocoaiiaser 522 560 52 502 420 Butter fat <colloooalloaca 25.6 25.8 26.5 26.1 23.5 LUGINIIN oonocongboaTOd 4| 13 5 Milk yield dallacoalicous 236 237 236 198 120 Butter fat calloogallcoac 10.4 1183474 13.0 11.5 Vols iDDIDISIONT cooco -ooDDOD Z| Ue 8 Milk yield. sllocdallsoc 487 485 355 19 720 Butter fat BBS lpoed lopec 24.9 24.3 19.2 7| 28.8 WGI coodeno0d0 § 7 5 Milk yield alsin \Werststel| (covets 531 563 543 453 401 Butter fat snails : P 23.7 23.9 21.7 18.5 PASD) Es netiisletelaiateretsialstelote 5 Milk yield Saal lo 653 709 676 682 Butter fat Byer 33.3 41.1 36.5) 38.2 Ae OSD Es aelaleteteralslalstelsis!= 10 Milk yield noSalle 546 5a4 516 579 Butter fat.... ... this 30.6 32.1 28.9 31.9 MADALINE.... .... 9 Milk yield dull 975 879 840 $25 Butter fat caalic 41.0 35.0 33.6) 31.3 | Sang wom! cocoade 9 Milk yield... Siete 972 880 846 798 Butter fat reels 33.0 35.2 33.9 33.5 PAVIVANTT Hitelelstcicielsierereis 9 Milk yield aisiei|(s 926 765 812 | 852 Butter fat oe 31.4 26.0 29.2 30.7 DUPLICATE 2 Milk yield alse 486 455 432 | 78 Butter fat 9 251-3: 21.8 20.3, 18.5 *Calved July 27, 1897. t Not with calf.

18 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

In Bulletin No. 37 of the Cornell Experiment Station the statement is made that with an experience of six or seven years in dehorning, although the operation has usually been per- formed by inexperienced persons, no ill effects have followed. A comparison of the milk yield of five dehorned cows and seven cows not dehorned indicates that the dehorning did not reduce the yield.

CONCLUSIONS IN REGARD TO DEHORNING CATTLE.

1. Dehorning is to be recommended because dehorned cat- tle are more easily cared for than those with horns, and because dehorned cattle enjoy life better. “A great deal of suffering is prevented by the removal oi horns.”

2. The best time to dehorn cattle is during cold weather when there will be no trouble irom flies.

3. To dehorn mature animals, clippers should be used that will remove the horn perfectly at a single stroke and in a moment of time.

4. With suitable clippers properly used, the operation is simple and very quickly performed.

5. When it is skillfully performed, animals do not give evi- dence of great suffering as an effect of dehorning. The tissues injured in dehorning are not very well supplied with nerves and they are quickly cut through. Good evidence that dehorning is not very painiul is the fact that cattle will resume feeding immediately after being operated on, and the yield of milk in cows is not preceptibly affected. Compared with castration of colts and calves, dehorning may be considered painless.

6. Those who are familiar with the operation of dehorning and the results of it are its most enthusiastic advocates.

7. To prevent the growth of horns, calves under three weeks of age can have the embryo horns removed with one stroke of a sharp knife, or they can be treated with a caustic sufficiently poweriul to destroy them.

8. In the past, efforts have frequently been made to prevent the practice of dehorning on the ground that it caused needless pain. It would seem to us that efforts can now better be expended by endeavoring to have the last relic of a horn removed from our domestic cattle, who ceased to need them when they

ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. 19

came under the protection of man. Horns may sometimes be ornamental, but it is evident that they are usually useless, expen- sive and dangerous luxuries.

BuLuetTin No. 42. ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. W. M. Munson.

A constantly recurring problem in New England, is, How shall we keep the boys on the farm? The answer is not easy, but more people are driven from the farm by its isolation, loneli- ness and lack of tasteful surroundings than by any other cause. If the boys and girls go away to the academy for a time and get a taste of village or city life, the contrast when they return to the old farm is often too strong.

LOCATION.

In building a new house, consider well its location. Don’t build where the old one was simply because the barns are there, —though, of course, other things being equal, the barns should be near the house. Healthfulness is of the first importance, so be sure that the location of the residence is such that perfect drainage is secured. Other things being equal, a southern or southeastern aspect is most desirable.

If possible, make use of natural groves or scattering trees and of shelter-belts or wind breaks, and place your buildings near them. Nothing you can plant will be so satisfactory as the native forest trees. If there is not a natural shelter of trees, by all means provide one.

THE LAWN.

A good lawn is the most essential element of beauty in any grounds and in these days of cheap lawn mowers there is no excuse for not having a neat lawn in front of the humblest dwell- ing. It is very little more work to leave the surface of the ground smooth after the final grading about the buildings than

2

~ a, Cima San

20 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

it is to leave it rough and uneven. Arrange, if possible, to have a few inches of good loam on the surface when the grading is completed, and in any case, make a liberal application of well rotted stable manure. After thorough preparation and raking with a hand rake, seed very thickly, using three to five bushels of seed per acre. After the seed is sown, roll and if late in the season, or the soil is very dry, mulch with chaff or fine manure or leaf mould. Keep the grass closely clipped during the sum- mer. In this way only can the weeds be kept down and a thick velvety turf be formed. In the latter part of the season it is well to let the grass become longer, for the double purpose of strengthening the roots and of serving as a mulch during the winter.

The best grasses for a lawn are Kentucky blue grass and red top, with a slight admixture of white clover on heavy soils. Rhode Island bent is also a valuable grass for heavy ciay soils. On a sandy loam, Kentucky blue grass alone will be found as satisfactory as anything.

As to the care of the lawn but little need be said. In the spring it is well to rake off dead leaves and roll the ground, but the practice of burning over the lawn is not to be recommended. A lawn mower is necessary to insure good results, but a very good machine can be procured for $5, and the labor of mowing in this way is very light.

THE -FLOWER GARDEN.

While, as a rule, better results may be obtained for the same expenditure of time and labor by using shrubs and perennials, the old fashioned flower garden of our grandmothers is not out of place on the farm. In many cases the taste—or lack of taste —of the occupants of a home are here most vividly portrayed. I go to one place and the blaze of color is enough to blind one. Red reigns supreme! Geraniums, salvias and coleus vie with hollyhocks, phlox and poppies in the effort to dazzle the be- holder, while possibly nasturtiums and zinnias endeavor to add color to the scene.

A neighbor may be of a sunny nature; in which case the yel- lows predominate. Buttercups, marigolds and sunflowers hold sway. Perhaps to please an odd fancy, yellow sweet sultan.

ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. 21

holds a place in one corner and golden button timidly holds up its head in the background, while tiger lily and hemerocallis dispute the right to exclusiveness.

Possibly a third neighbor is inclined to have the “blues,” and then we find asters and larkspurs, bachelor’s buttons, day lilies, irises and tradescantia galore.

How much better the effect would be if these different colors could be united and toned down, not thrown together in crazy patchwork, but harmonized. In general the “flower garden” should be at one side and a little to the rear of the house rather than directly in front. One suggestion with reference to the display of taste in arranging flowers should be made. Although “fashion” may sanction the practice, do not torture your neigh- bors by arranging a display of pots and kettles, wash-tubs and churns painted a glaring red, in solemn array before the house —as if to remind passers by of the blood of the martyrs.

WHAT TO PLANT.

The selection of trees and shrubs for planting is always per- plexing. A few general principles may aid in solving the prob- lem:

1. Do not attempt too much. Grounds that are crowded, even though the plants of themselves may be choice, have the appearance of an over-dressed person.

2. Do not discard native plants because they are “common.” The oaks, maples, hickories and elms; the viburnums, dog- woods, roses and sumacs are unsurpassed in their respective classes. We might name further the hawthorns, the wild crab, the wild cherry and plum, the shadbush, the tamarack, the white ash and many others of special value and easy to be obtained.

3. Do not invest freely in untried things. If you have enter- prising and experienced neighbors, consult with them before ordering nursery stock. Otherwise correspond with some reli- able nursery firm or with some person in whose judgment you have confidence for advice in specific cases. It is usually safer to place an order directly with some reliable firm rather than with an agent. Asa rule you will pay an agent 50 to 100 per cent more than the same goods would cost if purchased direct, and are less likely to receive them in good condition. It is

22 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

often practicable for several neighbors to unite in sending an order and thus get wholesale rates.

4. In making a selection of flowering trees and shrubs, aim to secure a succession of bloom, in order that the grounds may be attractive all summer. Among the earliest flowering hardy shrubs are Daphne mezereum and the Forsythias which bloom before putting forth leaves—usually about the first of May. Following these shrubs are the magnolias, the red bud or judas tree, the hawthorns, the apple and the cherry among small trees. The magnolia will succeed only in the southern counties. Some of the best second early shrubs are the azalias, bush honeysuckle, Japan quince, double flowering plum, flowering almond, lilacs in variety and the earlier spirzeas—especially Van Houten, prunifolia and Thunbergu. A little later come the weigelas and mock orange (Piiladelphus) and the Japanese Rosa rugosa. In late summer we have the late spirzas—as Bumalda, Billard, Callosa, etc.,—the “smoke bush” (Rhus cotinus) and, best of all for massing, the hardy hydrangea.

The brightness produced by bulbs and hardy perennials will well repay a small outlay in this direction. In earliest spring we have the christmas rose (Helleborus niger), the snowdrops (Galanthus), crocuses and pansies. A little later tulips and hyacinths appear, and these are followed by columbines, lily- of-the-valley, ‘bleeding heart” (Dicentra) and peony. In sum- mer and early fall, the Japan anemone, the golden columbine (Aquilegia chrysantha) the foxglove, hollyhock, plantain lily (Funkia) and the numerous species and varieties of true lilies are all very effective and are easy of culture.

WHEN TO PLANT.

But for the difficulty of obtaining well matured stock in the fall, I should advocate setting most trees and shrubs in Septem- ber and October; because of this difficulty, however, spring planting is usually advisable. All planting should be done just as early in the spring as possible, that the trees or shrubs may become well established before the leaves are put forth.

Hardy herbaceous perennials such as phlox, digitalis, holly- hock, columbine, etc., should, as a rule, be planted in Septem- ber. The same is true of most bulbous plants, including the

ORNAMENTING HOME GROUNDS. 23

crocus, hyacinth, lilies, tulips, etc. The gladiolus is usually set in spring.

HOW TO PLANT.

In working with trees and shrubs, remember that a plant is a living organism and is as truly sensitive to neglect or ill treat- ment as is an animal. In handling nursery stock, always be careful to keep the roots moist. When received from the nur- sery the bundles should at once be opened and the plants care- fully “heeled in.”’ In case any of the plants are very dry and withered, they should be completely covered with earth for sev- eral days. In this way many plants which if set immediately would die, may be saved.

In removing plants from the nursery, many of the roots will necessarily be injured, rendering the plant unable to supply the moisture lost by evaporation from the leaf surface. Hence the top of the tree or shrub should be severely cut back at the time of transplanting.

As a rule, a tree or shrub should not be set deeper than it sat before removal and the hole should be large enough so that none of the roots need be cramped. If the soil is not in good condition, the labor of carting in good loam, in which to set the plants, will be well expended.

lf but few trees or shrubs are to be set, it is well to use water in settling the earth about the roots. In any case, tramp the soil firmly and leave a slight mound about the base of the tree.

If the season is late, or if the soil is very dry, the roots should always be mulched. Any coarse litter that will shade the ground will answer for this purpose—coarse manure, leaves, straw, sawdust or even boards, will answer.

ARRANGEMENT.

The effective arrangement of trees and shrubs is often a most difficult problem. One of the first things to accomplish is the screening of outbuildings and other unsightly objects. The best plants for this purpose are evergreens—especially those which appear best at a distance, as Norway spruce, Austrian pine or arbor vitae (white cedar). It is not necessary that the planting be done in formal belts or hedges. Irregular groups,

24 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

so arranged that the view is obstructed, are better than formal hedges. A trellis covered with vines may often be made effec- tive and attractive as a screen.

There may properly be a border of low growing shrubbery next to the house and it is well to plant a vine of some sort by the piazza. Nothing is better for this purpose than the com- mon woodbine or Virginia creeper. Akebia and actinidia, two new Japanese climbers are also good. In general, a better effect is produced by planting in masses and borders, than by dotting the plants here and there over the lawn. By the first method a picture is created with the residence as the central object, and one sees the grounds as a whole. ‘The other method is meaning- less and the effect produced is that of an orchard or nursery.

SOME NATIVE TREES AND SHRUBS VALUABLE FOR

PLANTING.

The following list of trees and shrubs includes only those which are most common in our forests and which may thus be obtained at slight expense.

EVERGREHN TREES.

Arbor Vitae, or white Cedar (Thuja Pine, Norway (P. resinosa, Ait.).

occidentalis, L.). Hemlock (Vsuga Canudenis, Carr.). Pine, White (Pinus strobus, L.).

EVERGREEN

Juniper (Juniperus communis, L.).

Laurel, Mountain Laurel (Aalmia lati-

folia, L.).

Spruce, White (Picea alba, Link.). Black (P. niger, Link.).

SHRUBS.

Laurel, Sheep Laurel (Kalmia august- ifolia, L.).

DECIDUOUS TREBS.

Ash, White (Fraxinus Americana, L.).

Basswood (Tilia Americana, L.).

Beech (Fagus ferruginea, Ait.).

Birch, Black or Cherry B. (Betula lenta, Iis))e

Birch, Yellow B. (Betula lutea, Michx.).

Gray B. (Betula populifolia, Ait.).

Bird Cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica, L.).

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.).

Chestnut (Castanea Americana,Watson.).

Elm, White or American (Ulmus Ameri- cana, L.).

Hawthorn (Crategus coccinea, L.).

Hackmatack, Tamarack or “Juniper’’ (Larix Americana, Michx.). Maple, Rock or Sugar M. (Acer sacchari- num, Wang.). White or Silver M. (Acer dasy- carpum, Ehrh.). Red, Soft or Swamp M. (Acer rubrum, L.). Mountain Ash (Pyrus Americana, DC.). Oak, White (Quercus alba, L.). Searlet (Quercus coccinea, Wang.). Plum, ‘‘Pomegranate” (Prunus Ameri- cana, Marsh.).

ORNAMENTING

HOME GROUNDS.

to U1

DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

Black Alder or Winterberry (Ilex ver- ticillata, Gray.).

Chokeberry (Pyrus arbutifolia, L.).

Choke-cherry (Prunus Virginiana, L.).

Dockmackie or Maple-leaved Arrow- wood (Virburnum acerifolium, L.).

Dogwood, Red Osier (Cornus stolonifera, Michx.).

Elder, Common or Black E. (Sambucus

Canadenis, L.).

Red E. (Sambucus racemosus, aia ((2)) High-bush Cranberry (Viburnum Opu- lus, L.). Hobble-bush (Viburnum lantanoides, Michx.).

Honeysuckle (Lonicera ciliata, Muhl.). (Diervilla trifida,Moench.). Meadowsweet (Spiraea salicifolia, L.). Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum, Lam.). Mountain Holly (Nemopanthes fascicu- laris, Raf.). New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus Americanus, L.). Rose (fLosa blanda, Ait.). (Rosa lucida, Elarh.). (Rosa humilis, Marsh.). Sheep Berry (Viburnum Lentago, L.). Staghorn Sumach, (hus typhina, L.). Thimble Berry (Rubus odoratus, L.). Witch Hazel (Hamamelis Virginiana, L.)

CLIMBING VINES.

Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens, L.). Clematis, Virgin’s Bower (Clematis Vir- gimiana, L.).

Grape (Vitis Labrusca, L.). Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis quinque- folia, Michx.).

BULLETIN No. 43. levels INL IZ Ike JUNIE TC IIKOING, “arsoys:.

The bulletin gave an outline of the law regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers, the manufacturer’s guarantees and the analyses of manufacturer's samples, but as these figures are of only passing value they are omitted here.

BULLETIN No. 44. EEE DING) SHhUEE INS PR EDITION:

This bulletin gave the analyses of samples of feeding stuffs coming under the law, collected during January and March, 1898. The figures, so far as they are of permanent value, will be found under “Inspection for 1898” beyond.

BuLueTin No. 45. FERTILIZER INSPECTION, 1897.

The bulletin gave the manufacturer’s guarantees and the anal- yses of samples collected by the Station, but as these figures are of only passing value they are omitted here. Under “Inspec- tions for 1898,” beyond, the requirements of the law and the way it was observed during the year are given.

26 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

BULLETIN No. 46.

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. W. M. Munson.

The ornamentation of rural homes is of the highest importance to the people of Maine, not only as a means of adding to the comfort and pleasure of the home life, but as an attraction for the increasing numbers of summer visitors and as a means of enhancing the value of farm property.

Concerning methods of planting and culture of trees and shrubs, but little need be said at this time. Some notes have been published by the Station in Bulletin 42.

In general it may be said that to get satisfactory results, shrubs and other flowering plants should receive as good treatment as corn and potatoes. When once established, shrubs and peren- nial herbs require much less care than do annuals, but during the first year or so, careful attention will be well repaid.

In determining what to plant, several points must be consid- ered: First of all, the plant must be hardy. Some of the finest shrubs of Massachusetts and New York are utterly unsuited for the climate of Maine. For this reason the use of native plants is to be recommended so far as possible, and few exotics are superior to the common viburnums, dogwoods, elders, sumachs and laurels. Other points to be considered are: season, habit, beauty of foliage, flower and fruit. If possible, such a selection should be made as will afford a succession of bloom or other attractive qualities through the season. For instance, among flowering shrubs, the earlier spirzeas, may be followed by double flowering plum, Tartarian honeysuckle, and Japan quince, these in turn by lilacs, weigela, and later by roses, mock orange and hydrangea. To this list may be added the common high bush cranberry and the dwarf Juneberry or shadbush from the pasture. ;

For beauty of foliage, the golden elder and the golden syringa are unsurpassed. Purple berberry, (Spirea Thunber- gii,) and the common staghorn sumach are also to be recom- mended. The last is specially valuable for its rich coloring in the fall. For the best effects it should be planted in masses, on

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. 27

rich soil, and cut to the ground each year. It will then grow up six to eight feet each season, and give a rich tropical effect. Other native plants which may be mentioned in this connection, are the thimble berry (Rubus odoratus), valuable alike for flower and foliage; hobblebush (Viburnum lantanoides), with its large, rich, green leaves; dogwood or red osier (Cornus stolonifera), which is specially valuable in winter for the con- trast afforded by the bright red shoots.

Of shrubs valuable for their fruit, we may name Tartarian honeysuckle, the strawberry bush (Euonymus), Rosa rugosa, snowberry (Symphoricarpus), high-bush cranberry (Vibur- num opulus), black alder or winterberry (llex verticillata). The last two may be obtained from the woods and swamps in many sections of the State.

SOME OF THE BEST TREES.

The trees named below have been growing on the University campus for several years and have proved reliable in this section of the State.

The Elm: Several species of elms are found in New England but the most valuable for ornamental purposes is the native white or American elm, (Ulmus Americana), which has justly been called “Queen of American Trees.” A somewhat moist location is best suited for this species, which, where uninjured, grows very rapidly and is of most attractive form and habit. The English elm (Ulmus campestris), is somewhat larger than the American species and is of very different habit—in this respect resembling the oaks. The leaves are smaller,more regularly cut, and darker ; the bark is also darker colored. The Scotch or Wych elm (Ulmus montana), is one of the most valuable of the for- eign species, but it is little known in this country. There are on the University campus some interesting hybrids between this and the American species.

The Maple: The maples are among the most valuable and popular of trees for ornamental planting. The sugar maple (Acer saccharinum) is too well known to require description. It is most at home, and grows most rapidly, on gravelly soil. The white or silver maple (Acer dasycarpum) is not quite as early in leaf as the sugar maple, nor is the general appearance so

28 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

pleasing. It is, however, of very rapid growth and will thrive in a variety of soils. A variety of this species, Wier’s cut leaved weeping maple, is also valuable. The red or scarlet maple (deer rubrum) is not so widely planted as its merits deserve. Like the silver maple, it grows naturally on low wet ground, but it will thrive in any soil or situation. Its bright red buds in spring and its scarlet foliage in fall, combine to make it

specially desirable. All of the maples named, except Wier’s, are

to be found growing wild in the forests throughout the State.

The Beech: Although of very different style, the beech

(Fagus ferruginea) ranks with the elm as a hardy and attractive ornamental tree. Its roots grow near the surface and it will thrive in rocky soil.

The Chestnut: The native chestnut (Castanea Americana),.

one of the glories of the rocky hill-sides of Southern New Eng-

land, is perfectly hardy in Maine and is well worthy of attention. It is particularly adapted to rocky situations or loose gravelly soils. The horse chestnut (4¢sculus Hippocastanum) is hardy and grows rapidly. It is valuable for planting by the roadside.

The Linden: The American linden or basswood, (Tilia Americana), is valuable for use where an immediate effect is desired. It is hardy, of good form, and grows rapidly. The European species (Tilia Europea), is of smaller size and has smaller, darker foliage than the other.

The Birch: ‘The lightness, grace and delicacy of the birches.

commend them to the attention of every planter. The cut- leaved weeping birch (Betula Alba var.) 1s a general favorite wherever planted. The American species start into leaf very early in the spring and many of them will grow under the most untoward circumstances. The best are the black or cherry birch (Betula lenta), the yellow (B. lutea), and the gray (B. popuii- folia. )

The Poplars: The poplars are all rapid growers and are val- uable for giving an immediate effect—some species often making a growth of six feet in a single year. All are short lived, how- ever, and their greatest beauty is attained while young.

The Oak: While oaks which have attained large size are among the most attractive of trees, the finest species are late in leaf and of slow growth. The most valuable native species are

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. 29

the white oak, Quercus alba, and the scarlet oak, Quercus coc- cined.

THE MOST VALUABLE SHRUBS.

The number of flowering shrubs which will thrive in Maine is comparatively limited. The following have proved satisfac- tory on the grounds of the University for several years. It is worthy of note that the shrubs which are the most commonly known, and that may be obtained the cheapest, are generally the best, or have the greatest number of good qualities.

The Spirea:. Of the spirzeas, the best are S. Thunbergu and S. Van Houttei. The first has narrow yellowish green leaves and blossoms very early in the spring, before the leaves are fully out. The other blooms about the middle of June and is specially valuable. The flowers are white and appear in great profusion. S. Reevesw is similar to the Van Houttei, but a little earlier. S. Bumalda is one of the best pink varieties. It commences to bloom about the middle of June and continues all summer. S. Prunifolia, “Bridal Wreath,” is another very good white variety ; one of the earliest.

The Lilac: This old favorite is again popular. Some of the newer named varieties which are specially good are the follow- ing: Syringa vulgaris, the true old garden lilac, has varied greatly under cultivation and there are now more than twenty- five named varieties of this species. Some of the best of these are Charles X, Louis Spath, Princess Marie and Senator Vol- lard, among the purples; and Marie Legraye, and Dr. Stock- hardt among the whites. Syringa Persica, the Persian lilac, has loose graceful heads of flowers in great profusion. The habit of the plant, as well as of the flower cluster, is more open and grace- ful than that of the common lilac. The white form is specially valuable. Syringa Josikea is a very distinct species with large, shining foliage and dark, lilac colored flowers. It blooms after many others are out of flower. Syringa Rothmagensis is similar in habit to the Persian lilac, but the flowers are dark, reddish purple. It is said to be a cross between Syringa vulgaris and Syringa Persica.

The Viburnwm: Besides the old fashioned snowball, Vibur- num opulus, var. sterilis, which is always popular and needs no

30 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

description, the best are: Viburnum Nepalense, which is a strong grower, though of compact form, and having large, thick leaves; Viburnum prunifolium, “black haw,” a large growing shrub, bearing flat clusters of white flowers early in June, fol- lowed by black fruit in the fall; also the maple leaved virbur- num (V. acerifolium), a low growing shrub, bearing flat heads of white flowers about the middle of June. The last is excellent for growing in masses, especially in shady places. The Japanese snowball (Viburnum plicatum) is one of the best of shrubs. Of upright bushy growth, firm dark foliage, and bearing its white flowers in great profusion, it well deserves a place in every col- lection. It is in many ways much superior to the old snowball, one special point in its favor being its freedom from lice.

The Mock Orange: The mock orange or “syringa” (Phila- delphus) is one of the finest of shrubs, whether grown singly or in masses. It is hardy, early in leaf, and graceful in habit. Philadelphus coronarius is the one most commonly grown, and it has fragrant orange-like flowers, which appear late in June in this locality. P. Zeyheri is more vigorous and has larger, but less fragrant and less abundant flowers than the preceding. Gordon’s syringa, P. Gordonii, somewhat smaller and more slender than the others, blooms a month later but its flowers, though large, are scentless.

Some other shrubs which have proved valuable at the Univer- sity are: bladder senna (Colutea), flowering currant (Ruibes aureum and R. Gordonii), Japanese rose (Rosa rugosa), golden elder, (Sambucus canadensis aurea), thimble berry (Rubus odoratus), tartarian honeysuckle (Lonicera Tartarica), wei- gela (Diervilla florida), white fringe (Chionanthus Virginica), and the hydrangeas (H. paniculata grandiflora and H. vestita).

TRIED AND FOUND WANTING, OR OF DOUBTFUL VALUE.

Among the trees and shrubs which thus far have proved unsat- isfactory in Eastern Maine, the following may be mentioned: green ash (Fraxinus viridis) ; the magnolias, except Magnolia Soulangeana; the Japanese chestnuts; tamarisk (Tamarix Africana (?); cornelian cherry (Cornus mas); (Deutzia) (Deutzia scabra and D. gracilis); golden bell (Forsythia) ; burning bush (Rhus cotinus).

i eae

SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR MAINE. 31

A FEW HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

The number of herbaceous perennials commonly grown in this State is comparatively limited; some of the most valuable, how- ever, are the peony, iris, lily-of-the-valley, bleeding heart (Dicen- tra), and foxglove.

The peony, Pwonia officinalis, is specially valuable when planted in masses. It gives a profusion of bloom about the middle of June, and is perfectly hardy. It is valuable alike for landscape effects and for cut flowers. There are more than a hundred named varieties, but for ordinary purposes unnamed sorts answer very well and are much less expensive.

For a short time in early June, before the peonies appear, the varieties of Iris Kampferit are specially valuable. Like the peony, and most other herbaceous perennials, this should be planted in September.

Among the plants which bloom very early in the spring, Christmas rose (Helleborus niger), and “bleeding heart’s (Dicentra), should not be forgotten. Feverfew or pyrethrum, (Chrysanthemum Parthenium,) is another plant that should be in every collection. Its pure white double flowers, contrasting with the delicately cut foliage, add much to the border. The tall pyrethrum, (Chrysanthemum uliginosum or Pyrethrum uligino- sum), which blooms in September, is also a valuable plant. It grows about three or four feet high and its large daisy-like flowers are very conspicuous. It is a vigorous grower and may readily be propagated by dividing the clump.

The gas plant (Fraxinella) should not be omitted from the list of useful perennials. The handsome ash-like foliage is attrac- tive at all seasons. Golden columbine, (Aquilegia Chrysantha,) is one of the most valuable yellow flowering plants for summer. The double sunflower, (Helianthus Multiforus,) which grows about three or four feet high, is also valuable. Later in the sea- son the Japanese anemones with their single dahlia-like flowers are valuable. In this connection the dahlia may also be men- tioned. Though the roots must be taken up each year, this plant is justly popular. Lily-of-the-valley, foxglove, phlox, larkspur, and some other old garden favorites, easy of culture and prolific of bloom have not been mentioned, nor has anything been said of the numerous species and varieties of lilies. These, however, may well be included in every collection.

32 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT ‘STATION.

BULLETIN No. 47.

WHEAT OFFALS SOLD IN MAINE IN 18608. CuHaAs. D. Woops.

The refuse products in the milling of wheat are very import- ant cattle foods. With the exception of Indian corn, whole and ground, there is probably no other class of foods used so largely in this State as food for dairy stock. All of the milling products of wheat are, under the law, exempt from inspection. In order that the character of these feeds might be investigated, the Sta- tion inspectors were directed in January and again in November, 1898, to take samples of all the distinct brands of brans, mid- dlings, mixed feeds, and kindred substances they might find exposed for sale. About 150 samples were collected. As this class of feeds are, in addition to their mineral matters, of chief {mportance as a source of nitrogen, only the protein was deter- mined in them. All suspicious samples were examined under the microscope, but in no instance was foreign matter found that indicated adulteration. Ina few cases oat and barley hulls were observed but in no greater amount than sometimes occurs in wheat.

The class of mill products that are particularly deceptive and which seem to be the “catch all’ are the so-called middlings. From poorer in protein than the poorest brans, they are in some instances better than the high grade feed flours. Some of these are apparently mixed with nearly worthless refuse materials while others are strictly high grade goods. No one can afford to buy this class of goods unless their quality is guaranteed. Middlings that carry 18 to 20 per cent of protein are very desir- able as a feed, but those that carry only 12 or 13 are little better than oat hulls. Unfortunately there seems to be no relation between the price asked and the true feeding value. The dealers in these goods profess to know nothing of their composition. The protection alike of dealers and consumers seems to demand that this class of feeds be placed under the requirements of the feeding stuff law.

i

WHEAT

ANALYSES OF

OFFALS SOLD

BRANS, ETC.,

Station number.

Manufacturer or Dealer.

IN

MAINE.

COLLECTED IN 1898.

Sampled at

Date of sampling.

Name of Feed.

Protein—per cent.

Albion Milling Co. Albion Milling Co

Albion Milling Co. Stott’s Flour Mills. Stott’s Flour Mills.

Valley City Milling Comipaniy-<--.\.. -)-

Je Li BEE OS) oscil ale

Wim. A. Coombs. C. P. Chapman.....

C. A. Whitehouse..!| Albion Milling Co. Acme Milling Co ..

Pillsbury’s Mill.... Pillsbury’s Mill....) Pillsbury’s Mill....|

Pillsbury’s Mill.... Pillsbury’s Mill.... Pillsbury’s Mill....

Pillsbury’s Mill....)

a SHIGE Scio cade | - stock ........

SISAKOX< S550s000 PPS COC Kaereriente | 3 SHOVE S5ac5o0ad|

North Dakota Mill-| ing Association...) Washburn Crosby) Company......... Washburn Crosby Company..-...... |

D. B. Gardner & Co. L. H. Phelan....... | HK. A. Ireland.......

Wim. Listman Mill- ing Company .... Wim. Listman Mill- ing Company .... Voigt Milling Co...)

Voigt Milling Co...) Voigt Milling Co...| Voigt Milling Co

Voigt Milling Co...} Anchor Milling Co. E.S. Woodwor rth &

COM pany. sc...

Bucksport......-. West Minot ......| Farmington ......|

Guilford .......... |

IFOAM MElscoocaedsous

North Leeds...... | HOXCTO hitveete-elteet = Bath

ete eee eee ee

Belfast . INO Wiener Bowdoinham ....

HMoulitonee sere BancOneeereideer Damarise’ta M’ls

Eastport..........|

Newport...... ... | Jahbenian sosacepoo50c |

Canton. Wiscasset ........ Cantonese

pee eee eee

Orrington ........ | Bucksport........ Damariscotta....| West Pembroke..

(CHIlEWSs cagcooadoods IDOE Podoounbead00S | Cornishyercece scene

Norway Lake... Mechanic Falls .. Pittsfield ........ West Paris....... Presque Isle .....

Witkes, “Gaoed) Googec Hollis Center

South Paris ......

Jan.. Jan.. Jan..

Jan..

Jan.. Jan..

Sept. Oct.. Jan..

Oct.. Jan..

Jan..

Winter Wheat Bran |

13. Winter Wheat Bran) 13. 13

Winter Wheat Bran!

Stott’s Pure Winter Wheat Bran ...... Hola

Stott’s Pure Winter Wheat Bran ...... 15.

Winter Wheat ee 15.

Pure Winter Wheat

layer gogeos canonas 14.3 Winter Wheat ial 15.2 Winter Wheat Bran) 14.9

Spring Wheat Bran} 16.

Bran

INGADO UENO GC Baoscoal| 16s

OS bo bo

Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.5 Pillsbury’s Bran...) 15.6 Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.6 Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.9 Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.3 Pillsbury’s Bran ...| 15.3 Pillsbury’s Wheat

IBY aMaseiaere eres 15.1 Braneescmerccicictecectee 14.9 IBMaGcoonodcgs ooaac 15.2 IB Nconovonacoaucdane 148 IBV Mlooacooosonocds be 15.4 IBM Mesdadao Socdo0on 15.0 LIEN Nasd.o0: ecooacaus 16.2 Coarse Bran ....-... | 15.6 Coarse Bran :....... Loe Wheat Bran......... 15.5 Wheat Bran......... 15.5 LAM odoncvoocdoousans 7.4 Hiawatha Bran..... 16.5 Hiawatha Bran..... | 15.1 Ghoice Bran <.. 0.25. | 16.1 Choice Bran ....... | 16.6 Choice) Bran: -....... UST) Wheat Bran ....... 13.9 IRE Nlpadonacian aor don 15.0 Nao cong. oodhaoanS 16.4

Snow’s

Flaky Bran.| 16.:

34

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.—CONTINTED.

Station number,

Manufacturer | or Dealer.

Sampled at

E. 8S. Woodworth & Company..-..-... E. 8. Woodworth & Company.....-...| E. 8S. Woodworth &

Stott’s Flour Mills. Stott’s Flour Mills- Vannah & Chute... E. D. Walker...-... i Shelby & Senior ...| Milford Roll Mills. So. Paris Grain Co. Bei melernes sass t No. West. Consoli-!

dated Milling Co.)

AN CORea ener e eae H. A. Edwards....

Blish’s Milling Co. Blish’s Milling Co. Biish’s Milling Co. Bliss Milling Co... Bliss Milling Co... J. Jenks & Co J. Jenks & Co...-.--

J. Jenks & Co...... Doten Grain Co.... Anchor Milling Co.

MW: Stock -------- EF. W-: Stock <-..-.-- Wir SbOCkae ee aacnr Stott’s Flour Mills. Lake Superior

) UI ieee aceerecces

Washburn Crosby Company..-----.-

Washburn Crosby Company. .......

Eldred Mill Co..... Paris Flouring Co -

Wm. Listman Mill- ing Company .-..-.-

Voigt Milling Co .. Minkota Milling Co

Bucksport........ Sebago Lake..... Island Falls...... Corinna ..... ae Orrington .....-.. Waldoboro.....-. East Brownfield. East Brownfield. Buxton Center...

South Paris -.-.-. Farmington.....-

Eastport .......-.

Caribou ..-..-.....

Beliasti-----ser <> Pittsfield ......... Damariscotta ....

Hiram) -o--<>--6> => Hampden ....-..- Bangor .....-.-....

[EFTer ---s6-ece5c-

Date of sampling.

Name of Feed.

Snow’s Flaky Bran. Snow’s Flaky Bran. Snow’s Flaky Bran.)

Stott’s Bran......---| Stott’s Bran......... Wheat Bran .......-

Kansas Wheat Bran Shelby Mill Bran... Pure Bran ..-.. ....

Buckwheat Bran... Buckwheat Bran (Roller Process,.-) Blish’s Mixed Feed. |

Blish’s Mixed Feed. Blish’s Mixed Feed. Bliss Mixed Feed ..

Bliss Winter Wheat Mixed Feed...-..-

Winter Wheat Mixed Feed. -.-..|

Winter Wheat Mixed Feed......-|

Mixed Feed---.-.-.- Eagle Mixed Feed.. Anchor Mixed Feed)

M. F. Mixed Feed -- M. F. Mixed Feed ..-

Mixed Feed....-..-. ; Stott’s Mixed Feed.' Superior Mixed Féedecanee-=) (oe enl Superior Mixed | Peedee- +e teeereeee Superior Mixed | LEST sescanoae sos

Pure Mill Feed . ...| Royal Mixed Feed..:

Mixed Feed....-...- Minkota 1} a | PECK ean en eee |

WHEAT OFFALS SOLD IN

MAINE

ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.—CONTINUED.

Manufacturer or

Station number.

Sampled at

Date of sampling.

Name of Feed.

Protein—per cent.

Dealer. 8199 Acme Milling Co.. 8252 Acme Milling Co. 8262 Acme Milling Co.. $426 Acme Milling Co.. 8449 Acme Milling Co.. 8200 R. P. Moore Milling Company......... $217 R.P. Moore Milling Company... $420 R. P. Moore I Milling Company........ 8409 R. P. Moore Milling Company......... 8404 Wim. A.Coombs... 8407 Chapin &Co....... 8445 Chapin & Co....... 8412 Miles & Son........ 8413 Miles & Son ...... 8276 Saginaw Milling Co 8417 Kent & Senior Co.. $418 Amer. Cereal Co... 8452 Amer. Cereal Co... 8419 exe MaAlC OF emer 8450 E. L. Dillingham .. 8438 So. Paris Grain Co. 8447 P.M. Company .... 8211 D. B. Gardner Co.. $235 J. Jenks & Co...... 8408 J. Jenks & Co.....- $423 J. Jenks & Co...... 8277 Saginaw Milling Co 8437 So. Paris Grain Co. 8212 D. B. Gardner.. 8451 No. West. Consoli- dated Milling Co. 8453 No. West. Consoli- dated Milling Co. $214 Ip Jels TANGI GE 6 Sodoes $204 Pillsbury’s Mills...

Belfast Lewiston......... Bowdoinham ....

Rockland......... Farmington......

Belfast

Nobleboro.......

Damarise’ta M’ls

Bangor Bucksport.......- Orrington

Pittsfield

eee e ret cece eset eeee

Buckspotrt........

Eastport........ D

Belfast Thomaston.

ry

South Paris

Farmington

West Pembroke . NOU Waynes) © -1iclele

see eneee

Hampden Waldoboro......

Orrington........

South Paris...... West Pembroke.

Eastport.... .....

Acme Feed Acme Feed Acme Feed

wee ee wee seen

Acme Feed Acme Feed

ste eens stew e wees

King Feed

King Feed

King Mixed Feed .. Mixed Feed.........

Winter Wheat Mixed Feed..... ;

Bue rns Mixed

Sterling Mixed Feed

Mixed Feed......... Mixed Feed......... Mixed Feed.........

Shelby Mills Mixed mleyero l= Ga GngcagApoce

Buckeye Feed.

Buckeye Feed.

sete wee

eee ee were ee

Mixed Feed......... Gold Dust Mixed

HEC Miereieterieiectenicice White Middlings..

Fine White Mid- bbe Saashoocésoos Fine White Mid- GULP VES) osccdcdco nos Fine White Mid- GUMINWES | 5 Gaccosboade

White - Middlings.

White Middlings... Brown Middlings ..

Brown Middlings .. Brown Middlings.. Brown Middlings ..

Pillsbury’s Mid- GUGM Sie eielarolels's)einie

Se ee 1a

Se ee for) fonzeor)

ee ao od

or

. oie bee Coat _ an Qanre

cop)

16.

tt to

is)

36

Station number.

MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.—CONCLUDED.

| Manufacturer or Dealer.

= + ween

443

eee eee

F. W. Stock Stott’s Milling Eo-s) -| Stott’s Milling Co..

Valley City Milling Company.......- |

weer eee

Company See =| Company.

Voigt Milling Co ..| Keeler Bros.....-- |

are eee

The Walsh De Roo Milling Company Wm. A. Coombs...|

Austed & Burke...| Minkota Milling Se Pillsbury’s Mill....) Pilisbury’s Mill....} oe BY = Pillsbury’s Mill.... Pillsbury’s Mill....)

No. West. Consoli- dated Milling Co.)

Sampled at

Hiram....

wteeaee

ereee eee eee

eeeresee

Bethel ..-........-.| West Minot......

Waldoboro......- ] Waldoboro.

Milo

seer

wee eee

wee eeeee

|

|

Date of sampling.

Jan..

Name of Feed.

(M) Middlings...... Coarse Middlings .. Middlings ..........

Middlings........... Middlings........... Middlings..........

Winter Wheat Mid-|

dlings Flour Middlings.... Standard Middlings Choice Middlings ..

-| Red Winter Mid-

alingseecesees=-- Middlings. ......... Winter Wheat Middlings......... Middlings........... Middlings ‘“Ath- lete” Brand......- Pillsbury’s xx Daisy Feed Flour. Pillsbury’s xX Daisy Feed Flour. Pillsbury’s Daisy Feed Flour. Pillsbury’s xx Daisy Feed Flour. XXX Comet.....-...

Protein—per cent.

19.8 19.1

19.2 20.9

WHEAT OFFALS SOLD IN MAINE.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES OF BRANS, ETC.

37

Number of analyses

Stott’s Flour Mills SOLUS ID Heulatespey siete relsteteicleleteletetersioveteleteleinielevereleas stele

Pillsbury’s Mills Pillsbury’s Bran......

F. W. Stock’s Bran ....... Peeteleyaterclerstcvarsttstelevelcrerever cin iereiststen teisters

Voigt Milling Company’s (Cli@MES JBM osccs bo0GdooncoDCORDOONN saode6dod

E.S. Woodworth & Company’s Snow’s Flaky Bran..........5...ceeeseseees

Winter Wheat Brans JN RENAE Gonooponcn500 GooKoDDooN GoDOUOdoo

All Brans not Marked Winter Wheat Brans..... acsihe lea sleietsisvetetsietavelainynave cleta:s

Blish’s Milling Company’s NUEK@GL IMEC aooodaonoodongopseccosed Gapoadsed

F. W. Stock IMUBKGxel IN@EYE!L saanace euodeoocodoadoooKadKde SosKG

Acme Milling Company’s AGING GAM cd buoadcoapoosoosaccodoaoDCDbaGaDdE

R. P. Moore Milling Company’s King Mixed Feed...........csccceecsscecens

All Mixed Feeds

Resembling Brans..........:secessecenseees White Middlings ........0. 5 ics ccecwcscssesce ss STOW TI MAG Cl CULT E38 erateletolerelat=sote!olsielolo]siele/efatststelalsielels

Middlings, all kinds...........ccccceeescee. ose

Pillsbury’s XX Daisy Feed Flour..... ......

i

Highest. <..cccccrsvcses NW OVES Bicctatel-eteisrareie iaielelale

IBDEANESIGO oooDscOd CODOOE WOKE agosoncacnocogess PASV.CT: AS Cleclateisieleh i aie/sialstalele

Highest.......... aco0005 MV OWES Tice laeierennetslerarelereterats

IWONWEMCosocaasceccncacad

OWS tietercrtsicisletelclsieieteletere

TOOWeSE «=. 50... 000. cece

WOME cododa ‘KooooORnoG

ROWE Sbieterefeveley leleietelotetalsel= AVE€TAZE...-... ---. Saad

ISHAM io ooncocanaccode se LOWeSt .....-.cseccceees

PISO Sb ceisieaieieieivinivieinle WOW CS ti stetelelelsiell-lelelelatelels MASON og Sodsddanoodac

IS DEVOID bacon6 4 ogcooadse OWES Uicrereelsialeslelaielnlteleiats PAV CLAS E sclecisciinwicccicicicis

Highest Lowest. ..... ... Soe PAV OT EIS C)cciaicisieisivleicisiviciere

LEMAR Roonnoe saeedaacone Lowest ....-.........00. AVETAZE .. ereccrccccccns

Highest........ S000 Sac TOES Uielslneleletelsieleleisi=i= . AVETAZE 1... cccneces cess

Protein—per cent.

fe a ee ee ae eee ee ee en ll el reall ed Sah Sas ore OF for) Ker} orco-1 He Oo OF >i Ter} oreo Ou oF ororer He He OT

ee a

15.

eis Oo - Gril RIO nm en COW WO RO ON ON DOD ARN OW ASH HOF FRO CGH

— =) ~~

38 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

INSPECTIONS FOR 1808. Cuas. D. Woops.

The Station officers take pains to obtain for analysis samples of all commercial fertilizers and concentrated commercial feed- ing stuffs coming under the law, but the organized co-operation of farmers is essential for the full and timely protection of their interests. Granges and other organizations can render efficient aid by sending early in the season, samples taken from stock in the market and drawn in accordance with the station directions for sampling.

There is no provision made by law for the analysis of agri- cultural seeds. Seeds, taken in accordance with the station directions for sampling, will be examined for $1 per sample.

Directions for sampling and blanks for forwarding samples of fertilizers, feeding stuffs and seeds will be sent on application.

The use of commercial fertilizers in the State seems to be somewhat on the increase. From information furnished by most of the manufacturers shipping into the State, a conservative esti- mate places the amount used in 1898 at 17,000 tons. For the most part there is entire harmony between the manufacturers and their agents and the consumers. In no instance this year has the Station received complaints of quality of goods from the consumers. The demand for low priced goods has increased the number of low grade fertilizers in the market. It is not known if the presence of an increased number of low grade goods indi- cates a corresponding increase in the sale of this class of fertili- zers, but even if it does it is probable that in the most instances the purchaser is obtaining that which he pays for. The low grade goods as well as the high class are for the most part up to or above the minimum guarantee.

Requirements of the Law.

The full text of the law regulating the sale and analysis of commercial fertilizers will be sent on application to the Station. Its chief requirements are as follows:

The Brand. Each package of commercial fertilizer shall bear, conspicuously printed, the following statements:

INSPECTIONS, 39

The number of net pounds contained in the package.

The name or trade mark under which it is sold.

The name of the manufacturer or shipper.

The place of manufacture.

The place of business of manufacturer or shipper.

The percentage of nitrogen. .

The percentage of potash soluble in water.

The percentage of available phosphoric acid.

The percentage of total phosphoric acid.

The Certificate. For each brand of fertilizer a certificate shall be filed annually with the Director of the Station giving the man- ufacturer’s or dealer’s name, place of business, place of manufac- ture, name of brand of fertilizer and the guaranteed composition.

The Manufacturer's Sample. Unless excused by the Direc- tor under certain conditions, a sample of each fertilizer, with an accompanying affidavit that this sample “corresponds within reasonable limits to the fertilizer which it represents’ must be deposited annually between November 15 and December 15 with the Director of the Station.

The Analysis Fee. The law requires the annual payment to the Director of the Station of an analysis fee as follows: Ten dollars for the phosphoric acid and five dollars each for the nitro- gen and potash, contained or said to be contained in the fertilizer, this fee to be assessed on each brand sold in the State.

Duties of the Director. The law also imposes upon the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station certain duties, which are:

The issuing of licenses to such manufacturers as comply with the above named requirements.

The analysis of the samples deposited by the manufacturer.

The selection of samples in the open market of all brands of fertilizers sold or offered for sale in the State, with the subse- quent analysis of the sample.

The publication of bulletins or reports, giving the results of the inspection.

In accordance with the law, two commercial fertilizer bulletins were printed during the year. The first (43) was published early in March and contained the analyses of the samples received from the manufacturers, guaranteed to represent, with-

Sy in reasonable limits, the goods to be placed upon the market

40 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

later. The second bulletin (45) contained the results of the analyses of the samples collected in the open market by the officers of the Station, and was published in October.

A comparison of the percentages guaranteed by the manufac- turers’ samples and those collected by a Station representative in different parts of the State, shows that, as a rule, the fertilizers sold in the State are well up to the minimum guarantee. In a few instances the particular lots of fertilizers sampled were not quite as good as they should be; there was, however, no case which appeared to be an attempt to defraud. The comparisons indicate that the manufacturers do not intend to do much more than make good the minimum guarantee, and this is all the pur- chaser can safely expect.

The tabular statement which follows, summarizes the compari- sons of manufacturer's and Station samples with the guarantee.

NITROGEN. Manufacturer’s samples. Number of samples above guarantee............ 11g Number of samples below guarantee............ ig. Number oi samples .2% or more below guarantee, 4 Station samples. Number of samples above guarantee............ 112 Number of samples below guarantee............ 37 Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 20

AVAILABLE PHOSPHORIC ACID. Manufacturer’s samples.

Number of samples above guarantee..........-. 121

Number oi samples below guarantee............ 20

Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 10 Station samples.

Number of samples above guarantee........-... 152

Number of samples below guarantee........-..- 22

Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 13

TOTAL PHOSPHORIC ACID. Manufacturer's samples.

Number of samples above guarantee.........-.- 134 Number of samples below guarantee.........--. II Number of samples .2% or more helow guarantee, 6

LS ee

———

INSPECTIONS. AI

Station samples.

Number of samples above guarantee............ 162 Number of samples below guarantee............ 15 Number of samples .2% below guarantee........ II POTASH. Manufacturer’s samples. Number of samples above guarantee............ 126 Number of samples below guarantee............ 12 Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 4 Station samples. Number of samples above guarantee............ 138 Number of samples below guarantee............ 32 Number of samples .2% or more below guarantee, 19

Comparison of guarantees and station samples for three years.

It is important for the purchaser of fertilizers to know how the goods have compared with the guarantee, not merely for one year but for several years. Formerly we have printed a table comparing the analysis of the manufacturers’ and Station samples for the year with the guarantee. In the table which follows there is given a comparison of the analyses of the samples collected by the Station for the years 1896, 1897 and 1898 with the guarantee of the manufacturers. When the guarantee has been changed in 1898 from that of the previous years the fact is indicated by a 7, and where more than one analysis of the same brand was made in 1808, this is indicated by a *.

In studying the table of comparison of guarantees of the Station samples for three years, it will be found that many goods run quite uniform year after year. This is particularly true as regards phosphoric acid and is readily understood when it is remembered that the “superphosphate” is the starting point and that the materials furnishing the nitrogen and potash are added to this. The potash and nitrogen are the more expensive sub- stances in fertilizers and greater variations in composition are found in these constituents.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

MAINE

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48 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FEEDING STUFF INSPECTION.

The legislature of 1897 passed a law entitled “An Act to reg- ulate the sale and analysis of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs.” In essence the law, which is very similar to the law

regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers, went into effect October 1, 1897, and is the first attempt to establish an adequate control over the sale of offals and other by-products used as

c

food for cattle, and other live stock.

Chief Provisions oj ithe Law.

The full text of the law will be sent on application. The points of the law of most interest, both to the dealer and con- sumer, are concisely stated below.

Kinds of Feed coming within the Law. The law covers all feeding stuffs except hays and straws; whole seeds and meals of wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, buckwheat and broom corm; brans and middlings. The principal feeds coming under the provisions oi the law are linseed meals, cottonseed meals, pea meals, cocoanut meals, gluten meals, gluten feeds, maize feeds, starch feeds, sugar feeds, dried brewer's grains, malt sprouts, hominy feeds, cerealine feeds, rice meals, oat feeds, corn and oat chops, ground beef or fish scraps, mixed feeds, and all other materials of similar nature.

The Brand. Each package oi ieeding stuff included within the law shall have affixed the inspection tax tag, and shall also bear, conspicuously printed, the following statements:

The number of net pounds contained in the package.

The name or trade mark under which it is sold.

The name of the manuiacturer or shipper.

The place of manwiacture.

The place of business of manufacturer or shipper-

The percentage oi crude protein.

The percentage oi crude iat.

These statements which constiiuie the guaranice may be printed directly on the bag, on a tag to be attached to the pack- age, or on the back of the inspection tax tag furnished by the Director of the Station.

A certified copy oi this statement of brand must be filed with the Director oi the Siation.

INSPECTIONS. 49

Inspection Tax. In order to meet the expenses of inspection, a tax of ten cents per ton must be paid to the Director of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

Inspection Tax Tag. The Director of the Station, on receipt of the inspection tax, is required to furnish a tag stating that all charges have been paid. The inspection tax tag now in use con- sists of an ordinary shipping tag, colored red, similar in design to the following:

Ay . A iA

ISD, fl sae DIN (l

These tags, with the number of pounds printed in, will be fur- nished in any quantity on receipt of the tonnage tax. The tags will be provided with “dead lock fasteners” if desired. Unused tags will be redeemed at any time. Tags will be sent by express, charges for carriage to be collected.

The inspection tag is not a guarantee. It merely shows that the tax has been paid on the package to which it is attached.

Analysis. Whenever the Director of the Station requests, the certificate must be accompanied by a sealed sample of the goods so certified. It also is the duty of the Director to collect each year at least one sample of each of the brands of feeding stuffs coming within the provisions of this act. These samples are to be analyzed and the results, together with related matter, published from time to time in the form of bulletins.

Analyses for manufacturers, dealers and others, which are not of general interest and which are not called for by the provi- sions of the act, will be made on request at a price sufficient to cover the cost of analysis. The rates will be: for protein, one dollar; for fat, two dollars. Under no conditions will the Sta- tion undertake analyses the results of which cannot be pub- lished.

50 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Inspectors.

The following gentlemen have acceptably served the Station as inspectors during 1808.

Arthur B. Briggs, Hartford; J. W. Dudley, Castle Hill; F. B. Elliot, Bowdoinham; A. S. Farnsworth, West Pembroke; W. G. Hunton, Readfield; Ora W. Knight, Bangor; W. H. Snow, Milo; L. O. Straw, Newfield; P. C. Wentworth, East Hiram; Chas. E. Wheeler, Chesterville; John M. Winslow, Glendon.

The inspectors visited the large dealers in their territory three times during the year, in the month of January, March and November. At least one sample of each kind of feeding stuff coming under the law was taken by each inspector. The results of the analyses were printed as bulletins 44 and 48.* The more important of the figures are here summarized. The discussions are largely taken from the bulletins.

*Bulletin 48 was not distributed until January, 1899.

INSPECTIONS. 5!

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, WINTER 1898.

PROTEIN. FAT. a a Kind of Feeding Stuff. 4 2 \+ Se ie = & ee of) ao cof 20 Fai He f=?) (| ~~) a0 a o =o 2x Su Su Se Ba oo So oo ao Aa ey oa my oo ! American Cotton Oil Co.’s Highest. | 5075) |e. se. 16.96 Prime Cotton Seed Meal...... 15 Lowest. 43.12 43.00 8.83 9.00 Average GPR Nodcacdcd -| 12.43 Southern Cotton Oil Co.’s Highest.| 48-25 |........- 13.10 Prime Cotton Seed Meal ..... 14 Lowest.| 43.63 43.00 9.39 9.00 Average 46.29 o000 0 66 11.07 F. W. Brodé & Co.’s Highest.| 50.63 |...-...... | 14.08 Owl Brand Cotton Seed Meal. 6 Lowest . 43.56 43.00 9.39 9.00 Average Ho848) \laos00 cocc 11.29 S. W. Thaxter & Co.’s Highest.) 52-63 |.......... 12.04 Cotton Seed Meal ............. 2 Lowest. 51.25 49.25 11.78 | 15.62 Average BeCYE |lsoobo coos 11.91 J. E. Soper & Co.’s Highest.| 4919 |.......... 12.74 Cotton Seed Meal.............. 2 Lowest. 47.25 43.00 9.81 9.00 Average 48.22 | w.06 coe 11.28 Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s Highest. Wo) loodaanapac 3.35 Linseed Oil Meal.............. 4 Lowest. 34.63 39.00 1.99 1.50 Average AdotG |looascoccas 2.53 Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s Cleveland Flax Meal....... are I. Hoooodsanaods 41.00 39.00 3.47 1.50 S.A. & J. H. True Co.’s Highest-| 37.13 |.......... 6.84 Linseed Oil Meal... .......... 2 Lowest.| 34.8] 36.94 | 6.32 6.58 Average BORO |aceeicies ein 6.58 Chas. Pope Glucose Co.’s ISMEANGE Hol, AUB looaco ooes 4.41 Cream Gluten Meal ........... 7 Lowest -| 32.06 37.12 2.69 3.20 Average BY) laoopondsa 3.79 National Starch Man’fg Co.’s Highest. SBT lloadvacoode 1 18237 King Gluten Meal............. 5 Lowest . 26.338 34.26 | 14.60 14.65 Average BUleéS) loaooeaconae | 16.66 The Glucose Sugar Refin’g Co.’s Highest.| 38.38 |.......... 4.15 Chicago Gluten Meal......... 15 Lowest. 34.00 37.50 2.48 9.00 Average 35.64 |..e05 «.. 3.37 American Glucose Co.’s Wighest.| 29256) |....-..- Ie ealarra! . Buffalo Gluten Feed....... Veins 3 Lowest. 25.69 29.90 |} 3.91 3.38 INWGRARE || PDH) | onsoconce gh Elighest-| 24.87 |..-..0...- | 4.66 Climax Gluten Feed ........... 2 Lowest . 23.94 24.10 3.07 6.18 Average Pe obaccDodar 3.86 Rockford Sugar Refining Co.’s JshiedoKetshio|| — GANSU) lob 50condue 3.74 Diamond Gluten Feed....... 6 Lowest . 21.38 24.20 2.84 3.76 Average 24.01 | 2. «0.22. 3.17 The H-O Co.’s f Highest. Tesasil ihocoe aduc 4.40 Horse Feed .............. =soooc 8 Lowest . 13.06 | 12.30 4.15 4.90 Average Wo") |looaganoanc 4.25 The H-O Co.’s a Poultry Feed .................. IL jlosgceoclgonas 19.50 16.80 5.62 7.00

52 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, WINTER 1898—CONCLUDED.

| | PROTEIN. Fat. : | | PARES | | cy | | | <=) | cS 1 iou~ | | 2 | = Kind of Feeding Stuff. | 2 | | «2 | 28 | 78 | 4 | 22 |} eae = eh) Ei bala a5 | 32 } gS | #5 | g8 | Es |28 | 83] 88 |. 53 | Be AS fo Sey | (Se) Sen Sires The H-O Co.’s | | Highest.) 21.19 |.......... | 4.71 DAWA eet! jssceessse5sc56 cos } 2 Lowest .-} 21.19 18.75 | 4.57 1-25 Average DAIS) Uice ees == 4.64 American Cereal Co.’s Highest. THRE) |leceseces-s 4.87 Victor Corn and Oat Feed....| 6 Lowest.) 8.63 8.21 3-30 3.15 Average 9.36 |--e-eeeeee 3-79 American Cereal Co.’s Highest.| 12.82 socgncses: 4.14 Quaker Oat Feed .... ..-. ---| 6 Lowest-| 7.94 12.08 | 2.82 3.49: Average, 10.51 |.....--.- 3-29 W. H. Haskell & Co.’s HasKell’s Oat Feed............ pes jeceeeeees oe) 10.56 | 9.62 7.43 7.66 | i | Chas. M. Cox & Co.’s | | CRP 5. sSs5ese + scssseetissoscse Tl ||-ceesessesse 9.38 | 10.00 4.25 4.00 | } Bowker Fertilizer Co.’s | Highest.| 41.38 |-.... .... |) 2a Bowker’s Animal Meal....... 2 Lowest.| 39.38 30.00 10.60 5.00 | Average 40.35 |------. 20. 11.36 Bradley Fertilizer Co.’s Highest.| 44.50 | -.-.-....| 17-22 Bradley’s Superior Meat Meal; 2 Lowest.) 43.56 | 40.00 17.02 | 15.00 | Average sbh2 | sasssecs- 7-12 | Nash Manufacturing Co.’s | | Nash’s Beef Scraps....-...-.-- ee ee eee | 47.69 52.19 30.26 | 28.42 Frank S. Farrar & Co.’s = Farrar’s Meat Scrap .........- | TL |lsseseassssce 50.63 42.00 25.20 | 30.00 SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, FALL 1898. Bees, : | ree | American Cotton Oil Co.’s Highest.| 47-81 |...-.--.-- 13.32 | Prime Cotton Seed Meal...... 14 Lowest.| 42.25 43.00 2.80 9.00 Average A571 |a--s-ccene } 10.75 | i | | Southern Cotton Oil Co.’s Prime Cotton Seed Meal...... Th eeSacossssta|| 46.82 43.00 9.76 | 9.00 J. E. Soper & Co.’s | Highest.| 46.13 |.------.- 14.72 | Cotton Seed Meal...........-- 2 | Lowest 4M.75 43.00 | 8.7. 9.00. | Average, 45.44 ...-.-.-.. | 1. | R. B. Brown Oil Co.’s Highest.) 47-88 |-.----...- 9.97 Prime Cotton Seed Meal.....- 2 Lowest ., 46-75 43.00 8.34 9.00 Average 7-32 eee) = se 9-16 | | S. W. Thaxter & Co.’s Highest. 5) BS 7 eee a> 11.25 a Cotton Seed Meal.....-... «.-- 4 | Lowest. 48.69 49.95 | 10.33 | 15.62 Average 50.48 [----- ----| 10.7 F. W. Brodé & Co.’s Highest. HB-H || coos csac 13.13 Owl Brand Cotton Seed Meal. 10 Lowest.| 48.31 43.00 | 9.90 9.00 i Average 44.68 |. ---e0-eee 11.90 |

i

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, FALL 1898—CONTINUED.

INSPECTIONS.

53

Kind of Feeding Stuff.

Sea Island Cotton Seed Meal -..

Charles Pope Glucose Co.’s Cream Gluten Meal...... OG

The Glucose Sugar Refin’g Co.’s Chicago Gluten Meal..........

National Starch Man’fg Co.’s King Gluten Meal...... ......

Arthur R. Hopkin’s Imperial Gluten Meal.........

American Glucose Co.’s Buffalo Gluten Feed .........

S. W. Thaxter & Co.’s Glnten Weed ican cscs sateicle

The Glucose Sugar Refin’g Co.’s Rockford Diamond Glut. Feed Douglas & Co.’s Old Process Oil Meal .........

Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s Cleveland Flax Meal..........

Cleveland Linseed Oil Co.’s Linseed Oil Meal..............

The American Cereal Co.’s Victor Corn and Oat Feed.... S.A. & J. H. True Co.’s Corn and Oat Feed... ........ The American Cereal Co.’s Quaker Oat Feed .............. The American Cereal Co.’s American Poultry Food......

The American Cereal Co.’s Corn, Oat and Barley Feed...

W. H. Haskell & Co.’s Haskell’s Oat Feed...........

Andrew Cullen & Co.’s Crescent Oat Feed....... .....

Monarch Oat Feed ..............

Number of analyses

2

~1

11

Highest. Lowest. Average

Highest. Lowest. Average Highest. Lowest. Average

| Highest.) Lowest . Average

er

De www ete e ewes

| Highest.| Lowest «| Average

eee eet wees

see wee eee

PROTEIN. il | 9 S| #3 To | =5 BIS al o9 =o xy oa 25.06 24.31 21.82 20.13 Poy Wig a) We ee Fi B5CGOa| sen Minot 30.94 37.12 SSVOO |e Late ees 40.63 38.00 36.13 36.00 38201 |Pecce sone ST B2a ll Saasceee 31.50 | 32.00 SOUGO yb Soaee anos 20.13 20.00 28.25 29.00 POLS). Ne eeucee ORHBEY |ouatis eee 24.69 | 24.20 Oh s33t4 Il alas aeeet 26.63 36.94 39.75 | 39.00 36.81 39.00 CB sl eee §.12 9.46 @2064 ileseeeenes 8.38 9.63 1 gl ESM NA ee 74d 12.03 SSG ils, hela ce TARAS) “|S ccesane 12.75 11.26 11.31 | 9.62 SsGSiataeuseg sos 11.19 | 10.25 i

| SPD

or

is)

cat |

Found

C SST Sets FeLS

wror

Ne rh OSaIO

2 OO

CO bo he is)

ronoco co

FAT.

per cent.

Guaranteed—

per cent,

16.00

4.23

3.49

54 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES, FALL 1898—CONCLUDED.

PROTEIN. FAT. | Lo) re is) 0 o o Kind of Feeding Stuff. ao ic 28 ij 28 SB =5 aS 35 | 88 46 (=| ©) a) qo HO Be Ba 25 Ba | a8 S trot) Ze eo or Be | Of The H-O Co.’s Highest. Ieee) anlesacouadcS 5.92 Poultry Feed..........-...-.+-- 3 Lowest. 17.81 16.80 5.43 7.00 Average US! | loocnodecse 5.70 The H-O Co.’s Highest. PANY! |) Gosou5cn9 5.42 Standard Dairy Feed.......... 3 Lowest. 17.06 18.75 4.24 7.25 Average UG243 \loasoddoa0s 5.02 The H-O Co.’s Highest. AG UAG): Sie easeanosicc 4.75 Horse Feed ....+0.. ee coveeee 3 Lowest. 11.69 12.30 3.81 4.90 Average WAIL |loocodaace0 4.36 E. W. Blatchford’s Calf Meal.......... Barpieuesarcreetetstate il lod50c: 000000 BBall Iloo0 cacces BPR loancas Bowker Fertilizer Co.’s Highest. AOL oacopogc0c 14.05 Bowker’s Animal Meal....... 5 Lowest . 40.50 30.00 12.05 5.00 Average OHIL \\,5006 sooo 12.95 Bradley Fertilizer Co.’s Superior Meat Meal........... Ieoo00so00000 43.56 40.00 15.95 | 15.00 Bradley Fertilizer Co.’s Old Fashioned Beef Scraps... IL |locnocd0c0000 49.13 40.00 19.60 | 10.00

The figures of the tables explain themselves and little com- ment is needed. The following brief statements contain, how- ever, some facts not included in the tabular matter, and will help to a better understanding of the workings of the law.

Cottonseed Meal.

Pure cottonseed meal is made by grinding the seed after the white down, which remains upon the seed as it comes from the cotton gin, and the hard hulls have been removed. Thus prepared, cottonseed meal carries from 40 to 53 per cent of protein. At first cottonseed meal was all high grade goods. The temptation to adulterate was too strong for unscrupulous manufacturers to withstand and the market was overrun with cottonseed meal adulterated with finely ground hulls. This made a dark colored meal, the color of which was sometimes “Gmproved” by grinding and mixing a bright yellow clay with the meal. Some of these meals were known in the trade as “Sea Island” cottonseea meal, and others were sold without

i. ee

INSPECTIONS. 55

any brand. The following analyses show how these inferior and adulterated goods run.

ANALYSES OF ADULTERATED COTTON SEED MEALS.

| && 45 les re

aq =| sa r= |

= "4 3) bs De 4

Number. 2d | ° Number. S90 °

ox ex Ow eH

= 0 ao =_ D a oD

ae & a) me UU etetelaletetsielsverete istetareiorsrs 26.00 5.63 SUZ 2 ererctetetoletsteretetetsittelstayeersters Haier, \\ooocoode SOS erarvyerteleeieiatsisistalelotels!sis 29.94 6.78 DG) sod ccaondonoen sovecour 34.00 8.36 SOLO iatetetarovereiaielatarstelafere\crere 26.19 Tic SOAS tetetetetetclatelelstatelatetetelateistele 20.15 4.57 SONS os oogsoonundsdonooas 22.00 9.6 SW Sinocoadopnd Soo odaceec DALEKS) 5.88 SUL Metetatetetatateteveratoretaterelersters 29.75 10.59 BOYS) ca gadoboatoocoseacote 2Glas] ame | etetatetaistere BOs eremteetectelelctetesietsisiets BAER) |bdooagaobe CU) cecododnooasa0gens00 PHB | Soooooce

Goods of this type were very abundant in this State in 1897, but there are almost none of them to be found at present. In the spring of 1898 the inspectors reported a few lots of these goods. In November, 1898, only two lots of low grade cotton- seed meal were found by the inspectors, and these samples were guaranteed in accordance with their low grade. It would seem as though the inspection law has driven them to other states. The chemist of the Rhode Island Station under date of March 10, 1898, wrote inquiring regarding the working of the law and said, “I regret to say that Rhode Island is becoming the dump- ing ground of adulterated cottonseed meal, et cetera.” This is also indicated by the following received from a large manu- facturer of cottonseed meal. “You will please print tags as ordered for x x x x Mill and send same by freight instead of express. We have discovered that the meal we anticipated shipping into Maine market was not of sufficient quality to meet requirements of your State. We have, therefore, concluded not to ship as anticipated. We will, later in the season, have a very nice grade of meal at x x x x Mill at which time we will place same in Maine market.”

Occasionally the Station has had sent to it by correspondents samples of suspected meal, but with one exception analyses have shown them to be up to guarantee. Not all dark colored meal is adulterated and not all bright yellow meal is free from adulter- ation.

The law has proven itself a decided advantage to the manu- facturer and dealer in honest cottonseed meal, and is practically

56 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

prohibitive to adulterated goods. It is gratifying to note that in no case has the percentage of protein fallen materially below the guarantee. From the fact that much of the cottonseed meal carries more protein than the guarantee, it will probably result in grading the cottonseed meals according to their composition. One firm in the winter of 1898 handling unusually good cotton- seed did this, guaranteeing the meal to carry 49 per cent protein, instead of the 43 per cent of the other brands.

Linseed Meal.

Linseed meal is made by grinding flaxseed from which the oil has been more or less completely extracted. “Old Process” contains more fat and somewhat less protein than “New Process” linseed meal.

True and Company based their guarantee upon an analysis made for them by the Station in October, 1897. Of the two samples collected, one was a little above, the other a little below, the guarantee. The goods were quite uniform, however.

The Cleveland Linseed Oil Company placed the same guar- antee upon their oil meal as on their flax meal. The flax meal proved better and the oil meal poorer than the guarantee. The attention of the company has been called to this, and they will doubtless change their guarantee of protein in the oil meal.

Only three samples of linseed meal were found by the inspec- tors in November. Its high cost, relative to cottonseed meal had apparently crowded it out of the market. The guarantee of Douglass & Company’s oil meal was based upon an analysis of a sample sent to the Station months before by the wholesaler, who writes as follows: “When you analyzed our oil meal we had a large quantity on hand, and we tagged as you directed. It is so high now that very little is sold and we have had a few lots that we have sold and we supposed was of same quality. We have not at present a single sack in our store.”

Gluten Meals and Feeds.

Gluten meals and gluten feeds are by-products left in the manufacture of starch and glucose from Indian corn. Corn consists largely of starch. The waste product from the manu- facture of starch or sugar is relatively much richer in oil and

i er

| |

INSPECTIONS. 57

protein than corn. Many factories are removing part of the corn oil from the waste, so that some gluten meals carry but little oil, e. g., Chicago Gluten Meal, which a few months ago carried 7 to 9 per cent of fat, now has from 2.50 to 4 per cent. This reduction in fat is probably an advantage, as feeding corn oil to dairy animals seems to have a tendency to make the butter soft.

No by-products used for feeding differ more from each other than do these starch and sugar wastes. The manufacturers apparently do not recognize that the composition of these offals change greatly, and some of them have based their guarantees upon old analyses.

Cream gluten meal is not up to the guarantee in protein. It is guaranteed to carry thirty-seven per cent, but from the sam- ples drawn the purchaser can not expect more than thirty-three per cent of protein on the average, and one sample ran as low as thirty-one per cent of protein. The attention of the handlers of this feed has been called to these discrepancies between guar- antee and analysis and they will probably be corrected on future shipments.

These samples of Chicago gluten meal represent both old and new goods. The old goods were guaranteed too high in fat. The present guarantee, thirty-eight per cent protein and two per cent fat, fairly well represents the goods on the market. The protein found in the samples examined, agrees as closely as can be expected with the guarantees. The State agents seem to be anxious that their guarantees shall represent the goods as sold.

King gluten meal as sold in Maine comes from two mills, the output of which differ greatly in composition. The goods made at the Des Moines mill are very close with the euarantee, thirty- two per cent protein and sixteen per cent fat; the goods from the Indianapolis mills are higher in protein than the guarantee and are correspondingly low in fat. The Indianapolis goods carry about thirty-four per cent protein and four per cent of fat. The attention of the dealers has been called to this and the goods will be correctly branded in the near future.

58 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

Feeds Low in Protein.

Very few farmers can afford to buy feeds low in protein and high in carbohydrates at any price at which they have been or are likely to be offered. The farmer should grow all the coarse feeds that he needs. Oat and similar feeds are very much like corn stalks or oat straw in composition. Some of the feeds have cottonseed or other nitrogenous feeding stuffs added to them so that they carry more protein than straight oat feeds, but these mixtures are always more expensive sources of pro- tein than are the glutens, cottonseed and linseed meals. One hundred pounds of an ordinary oat feed has from eight to eleven pounds protein. At seventy-five cents per hundred the protein costs from seven to nine cents a pound. One hundred pounds of a good gluten meal has from thirty-four to forty per cent of protein. At $1.10 per hundred the protein costs about three cents a pound and it not only costs less than half as much but it is better digested. As a source of protein, it would be as good economy to pay $60.00 a ton for high grade cottonseed meal as to pay $15.00 a ton for the ordinary oat feed.

A number of samples of different oat feeds have been exam- ined. For the most part guarantees are based upon single anal- yses of the feeds and the goods usually are not quite as good as the sample upon which the guarantee rests. With the exception of the American Cereal Company’s Quaker Oat Feed none of these materials are much below and some run above the guar- antee.

Blatchford’s Calf Meal.

This is a manufactured food only one lot of which was found by our inspectors. This was not guaranteed but carried 33.44% protein and 5.23% of fat. In some advertising matter connected with Blatchford’s calf meal it is claimed that 12.8 pounds of it has three and one-half pounds of protein which is about twenty- seven and one-half per cent. A sample of these goods sent by a dealer to the Station in September analyzed as follows:

Water, 7.70% ; ash, 5.46%; protein, 25.63%; crude fiber, 5.28% ; starch, 18.24% ; undetermined carbohydrates, 32.13%; fat, 5.56%. It will be observed that the goods asevidenced by the official sample and this lot sent to the Station are very uneven

INSPECTIONS. 59

in composition ;—one sample carrying about 26% and the other about 33% of protein. A large part of the ash is common salt.

These goods were sent to an expert on food mixtures and adulterations at the Connecticut Experiment Station who reports as follows: “I have examined Blatchford’s calf meal under the microscope and find it contains linseed meal, some product from the wheat kernel, some product from the bean kernel and a little fenugreek. The linseed meal appears to be the chief constituent. The wheat product is bran, middlings or some similar product consisting of starchy matter mixed with more or less of the seed coats. Bean bran was present in considerable amount and more or less of the starchy matter.”’

In a letter, Mr. J. W. Barwell, the proprietor of these goods, said: “Regarding the ingredients, I cannot give you the exact constituents of it, but I may say that it is composed mostly of locust bean meal with leguminous seeds such as lentils, etc., and oleaginous seeds such as flaxseed, fenugreek and annis seed, all cleaned, hulled and ground together and thoroughly well cooked. There is no cheap mill food and no low grade feed enters into this composition. I am prepared to go into any court in the United States and make an affidavit that there is no farmer in the United States that can compound Blatchford’s calf meal for less than $3.50 per hundred.”

Locust bean meal which Mr. Barwell claims to be the chief constituent of Blatchford’s calf meal is practically not used in this country as a cattle feed. The average of ten English and German analyses show it to carry :—water, 14.96% ; ash, 2.53%; protein, 5.86%; crude fiber, 6.39%; nitrogen-free-extract, 68.98% ; fat, 1.28%.

It is evident from the chemical analysis that locust bean meal cannot be the chief constituent of Blatchford’s calf meal, but that the microscopist is correct that linseed meal is the chief constituent. Locust bean meal has only six per cent of protein and in order to make a mixture carrying from twenty-six to thirty-three per cent of protein, it would be necessary to add large quantities of goods like linseed meal rich in protein. As seen from the analysis Blatchford’s calf meal has a feeding value somewhat inferior to old process linseed meal. Whatever it may cost to manufacture, no man who has sufficient intelli-

60 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

gence to mix feeds can afford to buy it at anything like the price ($70 per ton) asked.

The Operation of the Law.

It was and is the belief of the writer that all the principal manufacturers and dealers are reliable men, of strict integrity. The enforcement of the law has been made on this assumption, and we have enjoyed the cooperation of dealers and manu- facturers, as well as that of consumers. No case of wiliul viola- tion has come to our notice. On the contrary there has been an evident desire on the part of most dealers to live up to all the requirements of the law.

The most noticeable thing accomplished by the law is the driving out of the State, the adulterated cottonseed meal which was so largely sold in 1897. The law has come into effect with little friction, and bids fair to run as smoothly and satisfactorily as the fertilizer law. It protects both the dealer and the con- sumer. It tends toward a more rational use of feeding stuffs, which will be alike beneficial to the feeder and the dealer.

Inspection of Chemical Glassware used in Creameries.

Nearly all the glassware that has been examined during the year has come from dealers in dairy supplies. It is reasonable to suppose, therefore, that the butter factories have renewed their stock by purchasing tested bottles and pipettes direct irom the dealers and are complying with the law in that respect.

It has been gratifying to note that a very small percentage of the goods inspected the past year was inaccurately graduated. All bottles and pipettes examined by the Station and found cor- rect have the letters M. E. S. etched upon them. The text of the law will be sent on application.

SEED TESTING.

The law passed by the legislature of 1897, while it imposes certain duties upon the Director of the Station, is not an inspec- tion law. Bulletin 36, published in August, 1897, contains the law and rules for testing purity of seeds. Copies of this bulletin are still available and will be sent on application.

Since the enactment of a seed inspection law in Maine quite a number of samples have been received by the Station for exam-

INSPECTIONS. 61

ination. Five grams of all the seeds submitted (excepting red top of which only two grams were inspected) were examined. The inert matter and foreign seeds were separated by hand and then the foreign seeds classified into harmful and noxious. The inert matter and foreign seeds were weighed and the per cent calculated. The weed seeds were usually counted so as to give the number in a pound and the names of the weeds determined by comparison with sets of named seeds.

The inert matter consisted of sand, fragments of stems and leaves, chaff, whole insects, fragments of insects and insect excreta. The harmless foreign seed consisted mostly of red top and clover in timothy, timothy, red top and clover in alsike and timothy and clover in red top. There were several other species of grass seeds present some of which we were not able to deter- mine. Some were noxious, some indifferent. We think most of the samples examined came from outside the State and were purchased to sell as seed. There were sixty-five kinds of weed seed detected, the most important of which are tabulated below.

The kinds and amount of weed seeds found in the samples examined lead to the belief that seed for planting is not the only source of weeds in the State. A good many of the weed seeds found in the samples would not grow. An examination of whole grain brought in by the car-load and distributed in the State shows that it frequently carries many weed seeds. Inter- state and State commerce where packing material is used are also important sources of weeds.

It will be noticed from the appended tables that the per cent of purity of seeds was for the most part high and that a large number of samples contained no weed seeds or only those that were not pernicious.

It is impossible to get a correct idea of the average per cent of purity of seed sold in the State from samples sent for examina- tion, as one sample may represent only a few bags and another acar-load. A statement of the per cent of purity of a seed gives but little idea of its nature, as the impurities may be large and consist of harmless seeds or indifferent weeds, while one show- ing a low per cent of impurities may contain the vilest weed seeds.

The tables showing the results of the analyses of samples of seeds follow.

a 62 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OF SEED ANALYSES INCLUDING PER- CENTAGES OF PURITY, TOTAL IMPURITIES, INERT MATTER, FOREIGN AND WEED SEEDS. .

.

nn FEET

phe EM Su lalle Wines aileron Sele shy este foe

ale si {3s |8 18 |e |8 |§ |s e

ge lealeslee| 2) Nee elo enemies Bel|Ssloclog| #2 | of | G2 | es lee] SB) a. | Be

SVeeue (ee oes! Salil san Sra) Se

SSIS 8/S0lg 0] ma | Fa] Oa | Se IES] Of | LS =S

Sy aalas 2O} a ou Pas way [Ou Sa os os Zolns|nalnelBo|]Ro|<40|Go lol d6ol/an|] as

Red Clover........... 45} 4) 4 4) 100} 92.2) 98.6) 7.8) .45) 1.4] 1.08 33

White Clover ....... 1}. eee] 99.7|..0---| 99.7 -3| -90 3 -20 -10

INIETIE® sogonssoausocede 24 99.1) 98.4) 97.2 6.6 2.8) 1.85 5S

Peavine Clover..... 1 98.8]. 225-6 98.8) 1.2 1.2} 1.00 20

ANHEAOW OV Fsnoanasoono9e 51 Zlosoc 8) Soo) S18 99.2 4.0) .10 -8 -46 -40

| |

IACI asscon doddod Tlooscllocac 2} 99.5 21.6) 85.7| 78.4) .55} 4.8] 4.57) 10.63

Orchard Grass...-.--| 1}.. 21 96-ii|ceemee | 96.7] 3.3]....| 3.3] 80] 2.50

| |

Kentucky Bluegrass.| 1).. 99,4)...... | 99-4) .65)....)..++-- -50} .35

Hungarian ..... ..-.. Blas ..-| 99.9] 94.5] 98.1] 5.5 1.9] 1.80} .7&

* Foreign harmless seeds not included.

TABLE SHOWING THE

INSPECTIONS.

KINDS OF WEED

SEEDS EXAMINED.

63

SEEDS FOUND IN SAMPLES OF

NAME OF SAMPLES EXAMINED. Suelo ito sAalok|] OC} FR 18/6518 -l5s#| & 9/5018 | E10] § |San\5 a} bo col Ell Se Il ee lS SSS Se OISSia lola] oo |AzlOz] B eis 4d (e/a |e joes! Common Name. Technical Name. eb aly Pel ab dal i ey) al |) att) Bs Hedge Mustard ...... Sisymbrium officinale.| 1). S0al|s She Black Mustard........ Brassica nigra......... tWencicllooddllecas 3|.- 1 Shepherd’s Purse. .../Capsella bursa-pas- WHORE a5600, goccnannccsolloos filter Wilsce Hooasllac Wild Peppergrass ....| Lepidium virginicum.|... Weealiseog 84) Ilioc Wild Peppergrass ...|Lepidium intermed- >= TENG coanocscgcs]e Hoasodloadsllooe Wooo =o0!| ooalle b Common Chickweed ./Stellaria media........|... Wlocopllosos 8) 4). c TY OWOHAY GoonosoooHOROnOGd Spergula arvensis..... 900 oe lj. Uo Sa0)(o000|lc Evening Primrose....|@nothera biennis..... pavalec lls 1}. Five Finger—Cinque ING! Scans asoe Godaos Potentilla nonspelien- SIE) 56 nooscdacs04 dcdblloge all colloneslloos SH] Gicacsllasosllacc \WWaiGl (CR PAKONT Soos6odeodo Daucus carota ......... Pd laSbo\|aooclloaoalloooallacoc Ware ot Cone Flower—Yellow IDEHIEKY dda000DGdesuNsOO Rudbeckia hirta .......).. salldooclloocelloses MO |iererans ac May Weed............. Anthemis cotula ...... ee lle oe 2|....| wes Common Bur-Thistle.|Carduus lanceolatus ..| ...|.. BIisoue 2 accalle ae Spring Sow-Thistle ...|/Sonchus asper......... HWiooes|acoal| ii) B) 1 Corn Sow-Thistle -/Sonchus arvensis..... OH lacoofloon. Hoods) 5 Roman Wormwood...;Ambrosia artemesix- HOMWA, covasc09oc00a0dnco|lo0cul|ocacllooc 1 Ox-eye Daisy.........- Chrysanthemum leu canthemum ......... sobollacaallosoolle IW collsoon ae Blue Verbena......... Verbena hastata....... on0dllcoac 1 Haaqal|conalle nc CEHPTID cs0006 BS05S80C00 Nepeta cataria.........|.. paille Alocoall Zlossclilacaalla Se lelemil BU concosseco0c00s Prunella vulgaris...... pocalloo Alsoos|| Zl aose|locsalle sue Dooryard Plantain....|Plantago major........ Blea Peoge Blocodllaocalle 36 Rugel’s Plantain...... Blamta go TUgeley 2. ec| se} esiel|\see|| <2 Mlososllacoel|c at English Plantain ..... Plantago lanceolata...| 17}. Aloooo|) Hi) Tl} Toe 009 Awned Plantain ...... Plantago aristata...... 5). MW saca| — llllsodallodacile 1 Prostrate Pigweed....|Amaranthus blitoides.| 2). ao floc Aaallseocllosc ae Rough Pigweed ....... Amaranthus retro- THERE! no0codGaD0000000 Slee 8}. A Dk > 500 ‘Goosefoot..... ........ Chenopodium album..| 12) 1} 8}. Tee GaS Alc ate B} SORE aoo000. cesno00 1608 Rumex acetosella. ... ai) UM) aK 2} i}. - 566 Pennsylvania Smart- WE! coaccaacoacss880n Polygonum Pennsyl- VAAN SoncassnodoaN 20 1}. 3 Lady’s Thumb ....:... Polygonum persica- TED oSade noNacsonOSeAHS Uiloo0 Neaealleosa |e Black Bindweed ...... Polygonum convolyu- I}occ0s bo000-dadood0ad DPM) TB oegal G)iscreyeil) pei) Pile Yellow Foxtail........ Setaria glauca ......... Tle rasatallareteic Scollovoallocodllosnalle Green Foxtail......... Setaria viridis... ...... (Hapcallsbodl aan hile

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

L. H. Mérrirt.

For several years a series oi experiments have been in progress at this Station designed to show the relative availability of phos- phoric acid as supplied in several common iorms, and also the varying ability of some of our common crops to obtain phos- phoric acid from the same source. The results obtained up to the close of 1895 were published in the report of this Station for that year, and also in Bulletin 34. While the work cannot be- considered complete, yet as it is necessary to leave it for a time,

it seems desirable to bring together all the results thus far obtained, including those previously published. In order to. make the report complete in itself much oi the explanatory mat--

ter is also reprinted.

COMMERCIAL PHOSPHATES.

Phosphate of Lime.—Nearly all the phosphoric acid found in our markets and used for fertilizing purposes is in combination with lime as phosphate of lime. Three forms are in common use, VizZ.:

1. Insoluble phosphate of lime. This is the form in which nearly all the phosphates exist in nature and from which the second and third forms described below are derived. Bones are made up largely of this substance and are accordingly extensively used in the preparation of commercial phosphates; but the chief source of the insoluble phosphate now used in this country is tock phosphate, large depesits of which are iound in South Carolina and Florida. It is insoluble in water and, unless finely ground, its phosphoric acid is given up very slowly to the plant. This is the tricalcic phosphate oi chemists.

2. Soluble phosphate of lime. _When the insoluble phosphate is treated with dilute sulphuric acid a large part of the lime

ae

~~

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 65,

unites with the acid to form sulphate of lime. The remaining phosphate, containing much less lime than the original, is soluble in water and is hence known as soluble phosphate, or, on account of the excess of phosphoric acid, as “superphosphate.” The soluble phosphate is in a condition to be immediately used by the plant. It possesses the additional advantages that by dis- solving in the soil waters is becomes quickly and uniformly dis- tributed through the soil, where the plant roots must everywhere come into contact with it. It is the most expensive of the three forms. This is also known as the monocalcic phosphate.

3. Reverted or citrate soluble phosphoric acid. If a soluble phosphate is allowed to stand for a long time it frequently hap- pens that much of the soluble phosphate undergoes a change, passing into a form insoluble in water but much more available to the plant than the original insoluble phosphate from which it was derived. This is the reverted or citrate soluble phosphate. It was formerly supposed to be of much less value than the solu- ble form, but experience has shown that there is but little differ- ence as regards actual availability. In fact, if a soluble phos- phate is added to the soil, a large part of it “reverts” before the crops have had time to take it up. It is known as the citrate soluble phosphate because, unlike the insoluble form, it is readily soluble in a hot solution of ammonium citrate. This reagent is therefore employed in the laboratory to distinguish the form in question. The soluble and citrate phosphates are often classed together as available.

The reverted or citrate soluble phosphate may or may not consist of dicalcic phosphate. While the dicalcic phosphate possesses the characters ascribed to the third form mentioned, yet it is found that in some cases the ammonium citrate will dissolve a considerable quantity of the tricalcic phosphate, the amount standing in intimate relation to the degree of fineness to which the phosphate has been reduced. The citrate, then, does not afford us the means of distinguishing sharply between the dicalcic and tricalcic phosphates. This fact, however, in no way affects the assumption that the citrate soluble phosphate is avail- able to the plant.

It should be added also that the so-called insoluble does not strictly correspond to the tricalcic phosphate, for the reason just

66 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

mentioned—a part of this form may go into solution with the citrate and be reckoned with the available.

In the manufacture of superphosphates the conversion of insoluble into soluble phosphates is never complete, a part being unacted upon by the acid and remaining in the insoluble form. Moreover,aswehaveseen,a part of the soluble phosphate reverts, especially on long standing. In practice, therefore, we always find a superphosphate to consist of a mixture of the three forms referred to. There must always be present sulphate of lime and the impurities found in the original phosphate.

Redonda Phosphate.—In another class of phosphates, not so generally used, the phosphoric acid is combined with iron and alumina, instead of with lime. These phosphates are not only insoluble in water, and but very slightly soluble in hot ammonium citrate, but they are even less available to the plant than the cor- responding phosphates of lime. When treated with sulphuric acid they prove very difficult of management, giving a pasty mass which cannot be readily dried off.

A phosphate of this description is quarried at Redonda, a small island in the West Indies, and is known as Redonda phos- phate or Redondite. It is a characteristic of this phosphate that at a high temperature it loses water, and at the same time becomes largely soluble in ammonium citrate. On long stand- ing a reverse action takes place, the phosphate passing again to the insoluble condition. It is probable that the reversion is more rapid when the roasted Redonda has been applied to the soil. Comparatively little of this phosphate is sold, yet on account of the high percentage of phosphoric acid which it car- ries and the ease with which it may be converted into the citrate soluble condition, it would prove a valuable fertilizer if it is as available to the plant as the chemical analysis would seem to indicate.

PHOSPHATES USED IN BOX EXPERIMENTS.

In the experiments here recorded, three forms of phosphates were used:

1. Acid Florida rock. This was prepared by treating a Florida phosphatic rock with sulphuric acid, thereby converting a large part of the phosphate into an available form. At the

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 67

beginning of the first experiment this phosphate had the follow- ing composition: 20.60 per cent total phosphoric acid, of which 16.90 per cent was available (14.97 per cent soluble, 1.93 per cent citrate soluble). In the later work it was found that the composition had changed somewhat, but the amount of avail- able phosphate remained about the same.

2. Crude, finely ground Florida rock (floats), containing 32.88 per cent total phosphoric acid, none of which was soluble, with only 2.46 per cent soluble in ammonium citrate. This was obtained from the commercial ground rock by stirring it with water, allowing the coarse particles to subside and then pouring’ off the turbid water. The “floats” used in this experiment con- sisted of the sediment deposited from these washings.

3. A phosphate of iron and alumina (Redonda). The first sample used contained 49.58 per cent phosphoric acid, a large part of which, 42.77 per cent, was soluble in ammonium citrate. The Redonda underwent such rapid changes in the intervals between the experiments that it became necessary to prepare fresh quantities at each successive planting. The analysis given above is fairly representative of all.

Twenty grams of the floats, containing 6.58 grams total phos- phoric acid, were used for a single box. The other phosphates used were first analyzed and such quantities used for each box that the total quantity present was in each case the same, 6.58 grams. The actual amounts of available phosphoric acid thus supplied to each box by the various phosphates were: by the acid rock, 5.39 grams; by the floats, .49 grams; by the Redonda, 5-07 grams.

DETAILS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The experiments were conducted in one of the green houses, the plants being grown in wooden boxes, fourteen inches square and twelve inches deep. When filled to within one and one-half inches of the top, these boxes contained 120 pounds of sand. The sand used was taken from a knoll near the river at a depth of three or four feet, and was nearly free from organic matter. Traces of phosphoric acid were present, but as this was in the insoluble form and the quantity in each box was the same, its presence is not considered objectionable. The sand was care-

5

68 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

fully screened before being used and thoroughly mixed with the phosphates and other plant foods.

In each period twelve boxes were used for each kind of plant. In the first box the acid rock was used; in the second, the untreated Florida rock, or “floats;’ in the third, the phosphate of iron and alumina, or Redonda; the fourth box received no phosphate. The next four boxes were treated in the same man- ner, and so on to the end. Thus it will be seen that for each kind of plant there were three boxes which received exactly the same treatment. In addition to the phosphates, each box received ten grams sodium nitrate, five grams potassium chloride and five grams magnesium sulphate. In the boxes where the Redonda was used, ten grams calcium sulphate were also added. It was intended to supply all the elements essential to the healthy development of the plants except that every fourth box received no phosphate. All the other conditions were made as uniform as possible in order that the differences in growth might fairly be attributed to the differences in the phosphates used.

KINDS OF PLANTS GROWN.

Eighteen species of plants were chosen, representing seven orders: peas, horse-beans, clover and alfalfa (Leguminosz) ; turnips, ruta-bagas, cauliflower and kohl-rabi (Cruciferz) ; bar- ley, corn, oats and timothy (Graminez); tomatoes and pota- toes (Solanacez) ; carrots and parsnips (Umbelliferz) ; buck- wheat (Polygonaceez) ; sunflowers (Composite).

It was intended to carry each plant through three periods of growth, but the clover, the common red species (T. pratense), could not be matured in the time required for the other plants and but two crops were grown. The sunflower and buckwheat did not thrive under the conditions of the experiment and after a single trial were replaced by carrots and parsnips, which were grown for the two following periods. The seed was carefully selected, that only being used which was well formed and of uniform size. Of the larger plants, four or five were grown to each box. The smaller plants were thinned so that the number to each box was uniform for that plant. Such leaves as ripened before the plants matured were removed, dried and added to the plants when harvested. No attempt was made at pollination.

Ee

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 69

As very few insects were present during the growth of the plants, the fruiting, as might have been expected, was very irregular. As soon as the plants seemed to have attained their maximum development, they were harvested, dried, weighed, and the total amount of dry matter determined for each crop grown. In the diagrams that follow the average production for a single period is shown, the heavy lines representing the relative weights of dry matter, and the last column the weights in grams.

7O MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF DRY MATTER OF PLANTS GROWN WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES.

1 f

Crops. | Phosphate. Comparative Scale. | Weight.

Grams A cid rock. ee 167 Baad Floats. SSS ee | 122 BIE | Redonda. — | 94 { No phosphate. | mmm 87 Acid rock. — 269 Horse Floats. Se Ss beans. ) Redonda. mE 118 No phosphate. 1 86 Acid rock. ee Q7 : Floats. et | 169 Clover. | Redonda. ae 126 No phosphate. —_ 83

|

Acid rock. a 107 Floats. Ee 97 Alfalfa. | Redonda. aS 87 No phosphate. ——___ 90 Acid rock. SE 992 md Floats. Pen 202 Turnips. Redonda. ae 187 { No phosphate. —_—e 119 Acid rock. = 152 Ruta- Floats. Fane 145 bagas. ) Redonda. sss 122 { No phosphate. — 64 Acid rock. Ss 176 Cauli- Floats. ae 167 flower. | Redonda. es 107 | No phosphate. mmm 62 Acid rock. (ee 939 Kohl- Floats. mm 209 rabi. ) Kedonda. eS 172 No phosphate. —___—__ 130 Acid rock. nar 338 2 = Floats. ee lil Barley. | Redonda. ed 186 No DhOSPDAtC. eS 146 Acid rock. EE 218 es Floats. __ 85 Corn, | Redonda. = | 98 No phosphate. |< Wigs! Acid rock. SA STS Te 662 Floats. EEE 307 Oats.* | Redonda. — 380 NO phosphate. | 319 Acid rock. ———— | 410 A Floats. ES 329 Timothy-*+ Redonda. 346 { No pho —————————— | 353

i

*In the case of the oats and timothy the scale has been reduced one-half to accommodate the lines to the space allowed. The relative length of the lines for the same plant has been maintained.

BOX EXRERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID.

RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF DRY MATTER OF PLANTS GROWN WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID—CONCLUDED. |

Crops. | Phosphate. Comparative Scale. Weight.

Grams. noe rock. ee 135 ‘loats. ——— 92 LICENSEE 1 Redonda. — |_ =—_ 79 No phosphate. | ammsss 36 Acid rock. = 260 Floats. EE 187 Potatoes. | Redonda. a 156 No phosphate. ED 151 Acid rock. EE 914 Floats. od 141 Carrots. | Redonda. ee 149 No phosphate. | qe 135 ee rock. er aH loats. Ce 15 Parsnips. | eet rE 155 No phosphate, | ae 163 Acid rock. Fae 107 Buck- Floats. —— 54 wheat. ) Redonda. a 51 No phosphate. | aa 37 Acid rock. =e 101 Sun- Floats. = 14 flowers. } Redonda. -_ 15 No phosphate.|= 11 Acid rock. ee 100 Turnips, Floats. — 70 roots. Redonda. —————— 90 No phosphate. | cm 44 Acid rock. =e 62 Rutabagas } Floats. = 47 roots. Redonda. —_ 32 No phosphate. | a= 16 Cauli- Acid rock. === 50 flower, Floats. — 19 edible Redonda. a portion. ( No phosphate. = Kohl. rabi, Acid rock. —_——e 153 Floats. —— 129 edible Rous > portion. VEC onda. ee 92 No phosphate. | mss 60 Acid rock. TT 185 Potatoes, Floats. oe 131 tubers. Redonda. = 140 No phosphate. | a 115 Acid rock. ee 173 Carrots, Floats. ES 109 roots. Redonda. a 113 No phosphate. TS 102 Acid rock. ee 196 Par snips, Floats. EE 115 roots. Redonda. eee 114 No PHOSPHACE. | eet 120

72 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

RESULTS.

In every case the acid rock gave the best returns. The gain was especially marked with the family Graminez, three mem- bers of which, the barley, corn and oats, yielded nearly double the amount produced by either the floats or Redonda. The effect upon the sunflowers and buckwheat was equally marked; but if these plants could have been brought to full development it is probable that the gain would have been less apparent.

If we compare the amount of dry matter produced by the acid rock with that produced by the floats for all the crops grown, we find the balance in favor of the acid rock to be 52 per cent. In other words, the effect of the available phosphoric acid as compared with the insoluble phosphate was to increase the prod- uct more than one-half.

In nearly every case the floats gave results second only to those obtained with the acid rock. With this phosphate the Cruci- fere gave returns within ten per cent of those obtained by the acid rock. This is not true of the edible portion of these plants, however, for there the good effects of the acid rock were more marked.

Of the three forms of phosphate used, the Redonda proved the least valuable, though supplying a larger amount of available phosphoric acid than the acid rock. In most cases it showed - itself inferior even to the floats. The Graminez furnished an interesting exception to this rule, yielding results with Redonda above those given by the floats.

The small yield from the boxes in which no phosphate was used is sufficient indication of the extreme poverty of the soil, and confirms the belief that the amount of phosphoric acid thus supplied is not sufficiently large to seriously affect the experi- ment.

It is interesting to note that plants of the same family show a remarkable agreement in their behavior towards the various phosphates. The striking manner in which the Graminee responded to the stimulus of the acid rock has already been alluded to. In no other case is the effect so marked. Another peculiarity of the members of this family is shown in their con- duct toward the Redonda. The relative value of this phosphate and floats is here the reverse of that shown by nearly all the

BOX EXPERIMENTS WITH PHOSPHORIC ACID. 73

other plants. The failure of the Cruciferze to respond to the acid rock furnishes a good illustration of a similar kind. The Umbelliferee, though responding to the acid rock, seem to derive no benefit from either the floats or Redonda, since neither of the phosphates increase the yield above that obtained where no phosphate was used. This is true both of the whole plant and the roots.

The alfalfa shows a strange indifference to the precise form in which the phosphoric acid is supplied. The crop was light in every case, and the phosphoric acid already present in the bar- ren soil used, seems to have sufficed for the slender product.

STIMULATING EFFECT OF ACID PHOSPHATE IN THE EARLY STAGES OF GROWTH.

A report of this work would be incomplete if it failed to take note of certain facts observed in the course of the experiment which cannot be shown in the diagram, where only the final results are given.

Throughout the whole series of experiments the effect of the acid rock was marked, the plants receiving it in nearly every case at once taking the lead, and keeping it to the end.. This stimulating effect upon the young plant is shown in the accom- panying cuts of the immature clover and timothy. The horse- beans furnish a marked exception to this rule, the more nearly equal development being perhaps due to the large amount of nutriment stored in the seed. When this supply was exhausted, the phosphoric acid hunger manifested itself, the effect being shown in the cut of the same plant at a later period.

In by far the larger number of cases, especially with the clover, timothy, turnips and ruta-bagas, the good effects of the acid rock were more marked during the first few weeks of growth than at a later stage, when the roots had become more fully developed, and had begun to forage for themselves. This fact, also, is shown in the cuts of the clover and timothy. It would appear that the young plants feed but little upon the in- soluble phosphates ; but that the organic acids present in the sap of the roots exert a solvent action upon the insoluble phosphates in the soil, gradually converting them into available forms.

74. MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

It will be noticed that in this work only the immediate effect of the phosphates has been taken into consideration, no mention having been made of the unused phosphoric acid remaining in the soil at the close of the experiment. In actual field work the good effect of the ground rock would, of course, be far more lasting than that of the acid rock.

Box experiments were made at the New Hampshire Experi- ment Station in 1893 with winter rye, the phosphoric acid being supplied by roasted Redonda, ground bone, and basic slag. The result showed that the rye gave nearly as good returns with the roasted Redonda as with the other phosphates. This result con- firms the work here reported. It will be seen by reference to the diagram here given that the corn, barley, oats and timothy (plants closely related to rye) gave better results with the Redonda phosphate than with the finely ground Florida rock.

SUM MARY.

1. Plants differ in their ability to feed upon crude phosphates.

2. Turnips, ruta-bagas, cauliflowers and kohl-rabi gave nearly as good returns with the Florida rock as with the acid rock.

3. In every other case the good effect of the acid rock was very marked.

4. In most cases the crude Florida rock yielded better returns than the Redonda.

5. Barley, corn and oats seem to require an acid phosphate.

6. When early maturity is desired, the acid rock can profit- ably be used.

7. The largely increased production obtained by the use of the acid rock will often determine the success of the crop.

8. The solubility of a phosphate in ammonium citrate is not always the correct measure of its actual value to the plant.

pt ee ey eee

eh a eT Pia

2 fe gl i

‘ . . y : eet i se mem ere hme a ne ‘ . = yor ys? de : . : ks eo ‘ . ‘ , 4 : ie, ye ‘ i } » ‘ . 1 r ‘ é . ‘ e i s - + ’ * . ‘ he ‘ ‘ 1 j ; t et: ‘ yt ‘ :

CLOVER, IMMATURE.

CLOVER, MATURE.

ALFALFA.

Eox 1. Soluble phosphoric acid.

Box 2. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock. Box 3. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina. Box 4. No phosphate added.

—

: ;

SR wt eee me Pre aT

HORSE BEANS, MATURE. Box 1. Soluble phosphoric acid. Box 2. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock. Box 3. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina. Box 4. No phosphate added.

Ci

ely

mi

; tad i

ay

a

BARLEY.

OATS.

Soluble phosphoric acid.

Box 1.

Insoluble phosphorie acid—Florida rock.

Box 2.

Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.

Box 3.

No phosphate added.

Box 4.

Box 1. Box 2. Box 3. Box 4.

TURNIPS.

RUTA-BAGAS.

CAULIFLOWER.

Soluble phosphorie acd. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock.

Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.

No phosphate added.

‘ i ans

ee ae a ee eee ee i line le tl | i ey = a Sree

’ + « 3 7 * x . fA . *. 4 * i i | A 4 ' ’ 7 i ‘ 7 - . ‘ oe ee

PPP

TIMOTHY, IMMATURE.

TIMOTHY, MATURE.

Soluble phosphoric acid.

Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina. No phosphate added.

POTATOES.

TOMATOES.

IKOHL-RABI.

Box 1. Soluble phosphoric acid.

Box 2. Insoluble phosphoric acid—Florida rock. Box 3. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina. Box 4. No phosphate added.

Box 1. Box 2. Box 3.

Box 4.

CARROTS.

PARSNIPS.

Soluble phosphoric acid. Insoluble phosphorie acid—Florida rock. Insoluble phosphate of iron and alumina.

No phosphate added.

ANALYSES OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS.

In connection with the work of the Station, analyses of the following miscellaneous feeding stuffs have been made by the Station chemists. For the most part the analyses were made in connection with the feeding experiments or experiments upon the growth of plants. In no case were they undertaken merely to increase the amount of this class of data. The methods of analyses recommended by the Association of Official Agricul- tural Chemists were employed.

The results of the analyses are given in the tables which follow :

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS ANALYZED AND NOT

PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED, CALCULATED TO WATER CONTENT AT TIME OF TAKING SAMPLE.

° > z ~ a Om 2 eal 2 = Ds 62| 2 | 3 |3s ae a = iS fey | Se) I as = 4 x ie Ss Ha > oy & Zo ce ! | | % | % % % IBN) cob a CooedODNDLOG= G0 OdOOGO aondauncCDD 4015) 9.83) 5. 8.93) 53.96} 5.50 IER o50000 GoadoddaDoDODDODOdODanSO0SO GOODS 4081} 8.15) 5. 7.38) 57.80) 4.35 ISrHa SooaoSboconabNDS Sado s SOdbY sDOOKAKC »e--| 4107} 9.65) 6. 8.56) 53.36) 5.16 IBV os002. aoadospanonooasccod Sereiaters 20000000 4137) 10.25) 6. 9.05) 53.04) 4.78 Chomn WIGAN scoponse cooaNdoodGoSa0DO0000008 co 4014) 12.40} 1. 2.33) 69.04) 4.13 COTM al raraleletetatelelelotetelatelelafel-tetetoretnieletetelalalolstalers 4082) 9.92) 1. 2.08] 71.88) 4.11 (Cronin WG soboopopopbADS gdOGABDOODSSODOGGORN | 4111) 14.11} 1. 1.89} 69.10} 3.69 (Comin WIG soconooo00K0s ‘oc cOOOBADOGGDSo0e GDF 4136) 12.55) 1.6 2.19) 69.96) 4.06 Cottonseed Meal..... ........eeeeesecescees 4083) 5.27) 5.4s 3-81) 21.08) 12.10 COLLOMSCEA MMC ae eretelercisieiateleleleisialels sterelotalel=tel= 4139} §.31] 7.8: 5.61} 24.51) 9.94 Cottonseed Meal.......cccccccrencvcccsecnee 8044) 6.57] 5.§ 5.44| 20.87) 10.09 Cottonseed Meal........ ss... 8058| 6.06) 6.2: 5.06! 23.43) 10.97 Chicago Gluten Meal 4016) 10.11) 1. 3.86) 40.49) 8.16 Chicago Gluten Meal.. 4041) 5.55} 1.2 2.83) 43.98) 8.93 Chicago Gluten Meal 4106) 10.40) 1.1: 1.59) 47.24) 2.87 Chicago Gluten Meal.. 4126) 11.00) 1.2% 1.82) 43.49) 1.00 Chicago Gluten Meal 4141} 12.94) 1.49 2.00) 40.96] 2.37 King Gluten Meal ...... ........00-.0..000 4018} 9.53) 1.§ 2.45) 44.59] 15.18 King (Gluten Meal cece. so. jocceeces se cels 4140; 6.72) 1. 2.36] 35.45| 17.72 King, Gluten Meal .... . <......5....6.. 00. | 8011) 3.48] S$ 1.72) 44.98) 14.65 King Gluten Meal ............ ss ss eee nee | 8012) 7.08) 1.93 1.98) 36.21) 19.81 King Gluten Meal .......... . Litistennts Ooh 8013] 3.00) «5: 2.01] 41.62] 17.47 Blatchford’s Calf Meal.............eeeceeee 8273] 7-70) 5. 5.28] 50.37] 5.56 Cleveland Flax Meal....... .. . ........ 4108) 8.83) 5. 7-27) 33.66) 4.58 HiME SEG! WIE odoataas SooondoodoS0000 toDoDD $057} 9.10} 5.35 9.05 34.84) 6.43 Buffalo Gluten Feed... ......-...2..e..00. | 4095) 9.32) 3.5: 6.69 50.10) 3.11 Diamond Gluten Feed.............+.s0eeee- 8190) 9.11) 1. 7-385 52.77) 4.02 (Gilet, INEVeGlogooonannas 6 oodnOsaDgODaGKeOGOd 8047 SEG ae 6.89 49 =| 2.97

76 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STU FFS—CONCLUDED.

= > | = Ome 3 joe (=5] .: = | 3 . ise 2. |e | sl eae | he Feat fees = == : sel [4] |B |28] 4 | : = ? ‘%|%\|%|%|%| | % Giuten Feed ....-...-. $188) 8-98] 2-83) 27-50) 6-82) 50-90} 2-97 Gluten Feed ..-.-- : | $189) 9-63) 1-01] 24.31) 7.14] 53-97] 3.94 Mixed Feed ...-.--- : | 8276] 11.16) 4.42) 14.95) 5.30) 60.38) 3.80 Quaker Oat Feed 8046] $8.33] 5.10) 11.38) 18.18] 53.41) 3.60 The B-O0 Co.’s Pouliry Feed .-.---.-.-.--..-- 8038] 38.46) 2-71) 18.00) 4.65] 60-71) 5.47 The H-O Co.’s Poultry Feed .-.-..-. .---.--.| $271) 10.39] 2-87) 16-73] 5.02) 59.21] 5.76 The H-O Cos Poultry Feed -.--.---.----- §362| 10-36) 3-09) 16-94) 4.61) 59.45) 5.55 The H-0 Co.’s s Seratching Feed for Poultry $049) 9.83) 1-92) 16-19) 2.23) 65.65) 4.18 The H-0 Co.’s Dairy Feed wewere scccuese-=- 8039) 7-03) 3-93) 19.56] 12.75) 52.14) 4.39 Phe H-0 Co.’s Dairy Feed sc--2--50cee seen | 8269] 9.66) 4-16) 19.00) 19.23) 49.40) 5.35 The H-O Co’s Dairy Feedee oe et -- | 8640) 7-27) 3-60) 18.06) 13.69) 52.80) 4.58 The H-O Cos Dairy Feed-.---...--....----- $361) 9-66) 4-06) 16.56) 12-87) 32-80) 4.05 The H-O Co.’s Dairy Feed-...-------------- | $472] $8.89) 3-62] 17-63) 13-77] 51-70) “4-39 The H-O Co-’s Siandard Horse Feed ----..- | $040) 9-31) 3-27) 14-06) 9.64) 59-71) 4-01 The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed ------- ..... ---- #270) 12-07) 3-35) 10.38] 10.61) 59-62) 3-97 The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed .-.. -- | 8360) 10.35) 3-54) 10.75) 11.48] 59-81) 4.07 The B-0 Co-’s Horse Feed . ---- ---------- | 473) 9.38] 2-87) 11-81) 10.08) 61-64) 4-27 The H-0 Uo/’s Horse Feed --..-.-..-.--.--.-- | 8474) 9-39] 2-99) 11-69) 11-54) 59-99) 4.10 The 8-0 Co-’s Horse Feed -..-.-.--------.-- 4080) 11.06; 3.24) 13-44) 9.30) 58.56) 3-90 The H-O Co-’s Scoich Oat Feed..-----..- $268) 11.56) 5-10) 10.00) 13.53) 54.45] 5-36 The H-0 Co’s “Victor” Corn, Oat and Barley Chop- sdondnoosseciesscoteassbeeciis $045] 8.45] 3-88] 10.75) 12-87] 59-50) 4-35 The H-O Co.'s De Fi Wii) Pas-s5sacescnsSs-- | $462) 3.43] 4-33) 8.38] 14.63) 61.28) 2-95 The 5-0 tisee Onl) Brenictsece. aoe ee m= | 8471) 7-34) 6-08) 10-58] 19.14) 51.03) 3.35 Buckwheat Middlings.........-.....- ----| $363) 13-81| 4-97) 25.56) 32-56) 36-66) 6-54 Buckwheat Middlings... -.- eee cenee eee $379] 11.29) 4.69) 25-56) 10.63) 40.25] 6.43 Wheat Middlings -..2.-.-... ... ........... 8056) 9-95) 3.45) 17-38) 5-33) 58-82) 4.39 Wheat Middlings secacorccmeassiiecteo couse | $060) 10.05) 2.84) 17.44) 3.72) 61-66) 4.25 Oat Middlings.. | 8053) 6-95) 3-07] 18-31] 3:86) 59-55] 8-25 Oat Bran -.-... < 8059) 6.14; 6-33) 14.00) 19.86) 48-63) 4.99 Osten se 2 se oee oe ee ese ac ous boseee ee -----| $4651 7-90| 4.Su! 9.19) 17.06] 57.46] 3.39 Ground Oat Huills............ meine ieee | 8055) 6-76] 6-37] 3-13) 32.48] 49.19] 2-07 SEVEN) SITUS) costae nttssas Ssstesessssessse | 4109) 11.01) 11.22) 11-75) 16.15) 47-37] 2-30 Corn Germs ..-.-.---.. ..---- -.-------------| 4310) 4.76) 1-96) 15.31) 6-.65| 24-91) 46.41 SST Miya oer ceoss ecco HocscpscSsucessobe $054) 11.88) 1-07) 10.19) 1-80) 71.67) 3.39 Oat Hay—cut when in bloom..-..-.......- | 4097) 96.46] 5-55) 7-25] 26.99] 31-90] 1-55. Oat Hay—cut when grain was in milk. oo 4096| 26.59) 4.57) 7-77) 23.14] 35-54) 2-39 Oat Hay—cnt when grain was in dough.-| 4089) 16.30) 5.21) 6.47| 26.55) 42.60) 2.84 Oat Hay—cut when part of heads were in | bloom, _ part in milk aoirigc. S2ootcorsoosss 4197 13-76] 6-33] 8.80) 28.87] 39.38) 2-86 Oat Hay—cut when part of the heads were) | in milk, part in IOVS 1 sees eases ones 4130) 13.28] 6.25) 6.59) 29.45) 41-13] 3-30 Oat Hay—ifirst 8 inch section of bottom of | | SET cess5 255 sstessecosesce Sothstccosssss 4134) 9.80) 6.17) 2-50) 39.23) 40.58] 1.72 Oat Hay—second $ inch section of stalk.-.| 4135) 10-00) 7-35! 4.31) 37.43] 38-91) 2.00 Oat Hay—top of plant.---.. ----------- --| 4133) 11.33) 6-22) 8.33) 24.65) 45-88) 3-36. Silage—Sanford corn, very immature, no} | | | GAPS (2: 5 eice ccc es socee cee sebonsesseeeon 4125) S7-62| -98| 1.50) 3-56] 5.90) 44 JOS re TG Pies see se ona bo so sscseoesss5 26 4138) 81.75 -91) 1.92) 4.70) 9.89 -83 Corn Silage....--.... -...- oeeecencee= ence | S061) 71-21) 1-38, 2-94) 6.72) 16.65) 1-10 DERI a Sho8 sated se poste noastoasboecss oscil 4117) 18.19) 5-01 6-55) 24.52) clined 1.96

ANALYSES OF FODDERS AND FEEDING

STUFES:

77

COMPOSITION OF WATER FREE SUBSTANCE OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STUFFS ANALYZED AND NOT PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED.

Corn Meal Corn Meal Corn Meal Corn Meal Cottonseed Meal ............... odo epodCuODdO! Jac CottonscedmMleall rec snecsicec > cece clonic cemets tiene Cottonseed Meal..... paknecaoToceaade aan thee (CLOT IRR YEO IWIGEN Socoa moncgogseodemadeon dooodG od¢ Chicaro Gluten Meale-<-.65 <ccces-siesseaceice wees Chainiciye® Giltiiem MICE ooonccancono.0s deodoodadedDG Chicas o GluvengMe all eerie teletereteiepialeicietelteronier relates | (hinrenreyo Galtier Wigelossocdedse-ugsd00e Snuoseoncdd Chicago Gluten Meal eee ectesceclscle aleleiereelelelelslsl=16 ota (Siptien MICE csoocgcnondacoccdsKODdADenaQDGeOS Lioghys Ellpinemn Wiel ssecquocacshueuacaeCeooooKed oobE | iene Chimie MAGE anconnncouenode cooDCdaD5oa Jo00 Loins (Mmieyn WEEN ooo oopobonegasadacocesanodcG 906 Open Chinen WEEN cacoacoconsuoccecoanoboDoEaDODGEC lnlenirclaiKorao ls) Chilt WitGeNlecanocacocacsoouD-ceLoudaoae i Clevielan gen axe a Werte sietcteeieteeielinia steltcrericieielerete | IE GEG LING le ogeeaegdo: seanbddodo woocanqanTUOODS | IsbuTEN iG) Eline) Meera Soeconcacnonopoacoodaaad GaoOOD | Diamond Gluten Feed ........ ... eee eee eee ees (Giliaiven IBteyeval Goso odoces 6. codaunsocsacebs scoueos } Giloii7i ny MEXe0 Bo easesunanacaocucobds MoosnenanuGEoT Gulag GB oasec605 Cecadsananeaada LvaecooodceanoUs 1G b<Gy0l (EGG Gaaospacpedoounesdooode Une dooseroeoaoo QuakeriO atiWeed! sone ccniecieieeosmis ireeiseiee) ails lveletere The H-O Co.’s Poultry Feed...............-.--- : The H-O Co.’s Poultry Heed... .-. -....c..- cence The H-O Co.’s Poultry Feed -. ....-...+.-- ..+-- The H-O Co.’s Scratching Feed for Poultry..... iva 18Et)) COs) Deni ay INGE! cécccsuccdeonoudas dodcs PMheyH-OiCovzs Dairy, MESA saeco! selelel=lsieiw l= <lele l= Ne EO) (COs Danity LEGG! Scosconncoocecosseasaoe wheyH-O) Cows Dairy HEE <i -perer oles/<elelelaiella= 1101 1° The H-O Co-’s Dairy FEE --.<-c--crccarecrcnnsvee The H-O Co.’s Standard Horse Feed............. The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed.......-..22.-20+ oeese The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed......... Bo: SOUDOCO SOON The H-O Co.’s Horse Feed ............sceecee- oe. Phe H- Or CoS HOrse WE CA rrccciereeieisjnicieisielseirieialelsiare Phey-OiCozsiHOrse MECC mecca) eisieeleliels ela(e fee oe The H-O Co.’s Scotch Oat Feed ... ............. The H-O Co.’s “Victor”? Corn, Out and Barley CG) Dan cocosonacadsoneo po oon to oocCOODOLOENCOnCO 2000 mhevH-O' Cos De MUCHO cece celemteisiaciec-is/es\-)l-\= INOS }3IO) Cros) Ona Lea i on oonocnopooasconosaaroaone Buckwheat Middlings ............-.cceseeecevece, Buckwheat MiddlingsS -.......0.... ss.-ssscnene Wiheat Maddlingso-eem renee crecensenndclsecbisne sate \WALaverye Iie kabhi ee bcroopsoco nes psoDunoSeoOTdDE CeCe ORE LUC Obes) chocenocaodon Gdebecboso7ooocobdencad CSTD EMI UL erate etelalelsietete etsloteteleictetereterereciatateveistaretavciminietctetere ORNKEIES oGeadatd O6Oe ODROQO NOD SOrIISOOC UOd4 sooo GEOG Din ELL S telaereteleiare(olelelnseieia elelet ieieretetereicieieloeieters (Gyecnin IShHleS e6oas.ccoo oncdeescdaoonnsdGoe Saoucdan WONT GETIN Salers sclcteieiolelalalelcieicrcisioisteieicistictereicemisis™ eniererie | GROUNGIC OLE sniiecrieserciceicreemie ree eainitanicteinieae cee

a S oS ~ = ~ > LS = - i“ ~ I

number.

= OD o> eo tories)

8271 8362 8049, 8039 8269) 8640) 8361) 8472) 8040 8270 £360 8473 8474 4080 8268

$045) 8462 8471 8363 8379 8056 8060 8058 8059 8465 3055 4109 4110 8054

2 a = eo | oe : Th z Si seer || = < Sy Se a % %o % % | % 6.06| 18.09} 9.90] 59.85; 6.10 5.86| 18.45| 8.04) 62.92) 4.73 7.43} 18.33} 9.47| 59.06) 5.71 7.60} 17.89] 10.09] 59.10) 5.32 1.67| 12.13] 2.68] 78.81| 4.71 1.67] 11.66] 2.31! 79.80) 4.56 1.63] 11.42] 2.20) 80.45! 4.30 1.84) 11.00) 2.50) 80.02) 4.64 5.80) 55.16] 4.02] 22.95] 12.77 8.53] 47.79| 6.12) 26.73] 10.83 6.39] 54.65| 5.82) 22.34) 10.80 6.63| 51.36] 5.39) 24.94! 11.68 1.53) 40.05) 4.29] 45.05) 9.08 1.28] 39.70] 3.00] 46.56) 9.46 1.28] 41.02] 1.77| 52-73] 3.20 1.40] 46.56) 2.05) 48.87, 1.12 1.63} 46.30] 2.30] 47.05| 2.72 2.14) 29.08] 2.70) 49.30) 16.78 1.94] 38.53| 2.53] 38.00 19.00 -94| 35.50] 1.78] 46.60! 15.18 2.06] 35.52| 2.13] 38.97| 21.32 .55| 36.46] 2.07] 42.91' 18.01 5.92| 27.77| 5.72] 54.57| 6.02 5.98] 44.15| 7.97] 36.92) 5.03 5.93] 38.72] 9.95} 38.33] 7.07 3.89| 30.06| 7.37| 55.25) 3.43 1.10} 28.33) 8.09) 58.06) 4.42 3.72| 31.03) 7.58] 54.40) 3.27 3.11] 30.23) 7.48] 55.92) 3.26 1.12] 26.91} 7.90) 59.71! 4.36 4.98] 16.82| 5.97] 67.96) 4.27 5.56] 12.41) 19.83! 58.27) 3.93 2.96) 19.66) 5.03) 66.32} 5.98 3.20] 18.69} 5.60) 66.08, 6.43 3.45] 18.90| 5.14| 66.33) 6.18 2.13] 17.95) 2.47| 72.81] 4.64 4.23) 21.04] 13.72] 56.08) 4.93 4.60) 21.03) 13.54) 54.69) 6.14 3.88| 19.47] 14.76) 56.95) 4.94 4.49] 18.33] 14.25] 58.45] 4.48 3.97] 19.35] 15.11] 56.75) 4.82 3.60) 15.51) 10.63) 65.84, 4.42 3.81] 11.80] 12.07] 67.80) 4.52 3.95] 11.98] 12.81) 66.72] 4.54 3.17| 13.03) 11.07| 68.02) 4.7 3.30] 12.90] 13.07] 66.21] 4.52 3.64) 15.11! 11.02) 65.841 4.39 5.77| 11-31] 15.30] ect 6.06 1 4.24] 11.73] 14.06] 65.00} 4.97 4.73| 9.15] 15.97| 66.93} 3.22 6.52| 11.77| 20.70) 55.19) 5.82 5.30| 29.66] 14.92] 42.53) 7.89 5.24) 29.94| 12.04) 45.48) 7.25 3.83] 19.29} 6.14) 65.31) 5.43 3.16} 19.34] 4.14) 68.54) 4.77 3.30) 19.68] 4.15) 64.01) 8.86 6.80| 14.92] 21.16) 51.80) 5.32 5.21) 9.98] 18.52) 62.39) 3.90 6.83] 3.35] 34.84] 52.76] 2.22 12.61) 13.21] 18.15} 53.45) 2.58 2.05) 16.08) 6.98) 26.16) 48.73 1.21 11.56) 2.04] 21.34) 3.85 ' |

78 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF WATER FREE SUBSTANCE OF FODDERS AND FEEDING STU FFS—CONCLUDED.

i ° “2 | ° aes | S Sea) S| aee zo: ee | - | eo aes 2 |e oe Sisal) wana = Sim = we/a/a |e |2s] ea } ! i | J | a) | oi 8% | %_| % Oat Hay—cut when in bloom..............-.-.e-- 4097, 7.55) 9.86) 36.70) 43.38 2.51 Oat Hay—cut when grain was in milk ... ..... 4096 6.23) 10.58) 31.53) 48.41 3.25 Oat Hay—cut when grain was in dough........ 4089! 6.23] 7.73) 31-74 30.91) 3.39 Oat Hay—cut when part of the heads were in) | bloom and part in milk................ 2 sss. 4127, 7.34) 10.20) 33.48) 45.66 3.32 Oat Hay—cut when part of the heads were in) | | mile and) part im doughss-.ces.oeeeeee esses -) coe 4130) 7.21) 7-60) 33.96) 47.42) 3.81 Oat Hay—first 8 inch section of bottom of Stalk) 4134) 6.84) 2.77) 43.49) 45.00, 1.90 Oat Hay—second 8 inch section of stalk ........ 4135, 8.16) 4.79 41.60) 43.23) 2.22 OatHay—tLopiolplantscsee costs eee eee eee 4133 7-01) 9.62) 27.83 51.75, 3.79 Silage—Sanford corn, very rere, noears.| 4125, 7.93) 12.12) 28.75) 47-62) 3.58 Corn SHAE ...ccrcccesecce secce-cccesccenscececes | 4188 95.01 10.52) 25.75) 54.19) 4.53 Corn Silage eos bnectosrcorcs2 soctestoosssossssescse |} 8061, 4.79) 10.21) 23.34) 57.84) 3.82 ELI. Senn cososeocsesesseesessce joctonesssaccassses | 4117) 6.13) 8. sia 29.97) 53-10) 2.39

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH] SHEEP. Jee vin Bb ARai prs

The digestion experiments, the results of which are presented in the following pages, were not all made during 1898—three of them being made in 1897. The general plan was the same as heretofore followed. Sheep were the animals used and the feed- ing periods consisted of seven days preliminary feeding and five days for the experiment.*

The materials of which the digestibility was determined were:

Ist. Oat Hay; cut in bloom.

2d. Oat Hay; cut when the grain was in milk.

Bd Oat ilay, scutwitenttlre grain was in dough.

4th. Oat Hay; cut when partly in bloom and partly in milk.

5th. Oat Hay; cut when the grain was partly in milk and partly in dough stage.

6th. H-O Horse-feed. 7th. Flax meal.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 63—(OAT HAY IN BLOOM.)

RATIONS. Fed daily, Sheep No. I, 600 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep No. II, 600 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep No. III, 800 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep No. IV, 200 grams per day.

* Digestion experiments with sheep have been conducted at this station since 1885, and the results are given in the Reports for 1886, 1887, 1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894, 1896 and 1897. The Report for 1891 contains a description of the digestion room, stalls, harness, etc., used in the experiments.

80 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

FODDER. Oat hay (cut when in

bloom) ..... FECES. Sheep I....... Sheep Il. .... Sheep II[.....

INGE IAT scoos

Laboratory number

4097

4102 4103 4104 4105

W ATER-FREE.

3

~_

3 2, S a | 8 3 Ba) aoe gla es 3 fa) (= < oD % % % % 73.53 | 92.45 | 7.55 | 9.86 pedacee 91.65 | 8.35 | 9.65 Dea 93.01] 6.99 | 8.83 oes 91.57 | 8.48] 9.22 Senso 89.43 | 10.57 | 12.87

Fiber.

%

36.70

33.39 34.38 33.93 26.44

Nitrogen-free

extract.

%

43.38

46.06 46.93 45.76 46.80

Fat.

%

. 4

Calories per gram.

%o

DIGESTION

EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP:

81

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED. 2 g S S nN . = Q 2 iS oe =| a om ze tn) A a= ; 2 a irs Pn ae é ° 3 Ss = a OF < et ca Ae cy SHEEP I. Grams.) Grams.} Grains.| Grams.) Grams.| Grams.) Grams. Oat hay (cut when in IHI@OKIN)) conebeoas goods 2205.9 2039.4 166.5 217.5 809.4 957.3 D0-2 BOCES. cb os sce ae 500 00 1051.7 | 963.9 87.8 101.5 351.1 454.6 26.7 DiIseSstedhe ie 8 Seasee. 1154.2 | 1075.5 78.7 116.0 458.3 472.7 28.5 Per cent digested...... 52.3 52.2 47.3 53.3 56.6 49.4 51.6 SHEEP II. Oat hay (cut when in IDIKOOWA)) co ss0000amooo0s 2205.9 | 2039.4 166.5 217.5 809.4 957.3 45.2 INGE) Seaonadsad a6000000 1084.6 | 1008.8 75.8 95.7 373.0 509.0 31.1 Wis este dieeccnoacecces 1121.3 | 1030.6 90.7 121.8 436.4 448.3 24.1 Per cent digested...... 50.8 50.5 54.5 56.0 53.9 46.8 43.7 | SHEEP III. Oat hay (cut when in IQMOOU)) sosdo600 aoacone 2941.2 | 2719.2 222.0 290.0 | 1079.2 | 1276.4 73.6 GeO osdésogooanoaanocdese 1382.4 | 1220.0 112.4 122.8 452.0 609.7 35.5 | ° | IDIEELE Iecgseosoadooods | 1608.8 | 1499.2 109.6 167.2 627-2 666.7 38.1 Per cent digested..... 54.7 51.4 49.3 Det 58.1 52.2 51.8 SHEEP IV. Oat hay (cut when in IONMOXCTEN)) oo Sonsanmsqq006 735.3 679.8 50-9 72.5 269.5 319.1 18.4 LICCGE) dadbuenmoosoeddoses 298.3 266.8 31.5 38.4 78.9 139.6 9.9 Disested! reese cck 437.0 413.0 24.() 34.1 190.9 179.5 8.5 Per cent digested ..... 59.4 | 60.8 43.2 46.9 70.8 56.3 46.2 Meveragel en estes) oessesy lamba vTalle maseelllh) 5325) || sWi5OLOn| wause 48.3

FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER. : o iS = eS) 3 3 S 2 co o = = ie 53 5 Be Es és | 228 ee S mB. av Be rat c2a5 ro ar >s eo SSS as er = re =e C4 =| 26 28 26 se =3 ae im Fe ey me m5 BE Gan | Calories. |} Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. % NEES Pwliecresteisien ciertele 9931 4990 4941 101 5042 50.77 SHaeyeyey IE Gon aogdoodor 9931 5306 4625 106 4731 47.64 neyey a) MU Gooeecdood 13241 6294 6947 145 7092 53.56 SECEDE VS <cfeicrcisicceis 3310 1412 1898 30 1928 58.25

82 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 64—(OAT HAY IN MILK.) RATIONS. . Fed daily, Sheep I, 800 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep II, 400 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep III, 800 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep IV, 400 grams per day.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

4 WATER FREE. = | = | A - | = CoS = > | | | ! = 2 s = S | = | = 2 = iS Saale | — eo sept il = - |g a eae ee o | £s - | of = ie Bae Pa) i Si) ie ee eae ) 2 2) ‘ey= <4 ai || & | Bo = OS 5 | ! i} | | | i FODDER. % rae a Ae ec, A 2 % | % Oat hay (cut whenin | [ee Mil 6 ji) S 5c eesoceee | 4096 | 73-41 | 93-77 | 6-23 | 10-58 | 31-53 48.41 | 3.25 | 4561 | | FECES | | iG Us asoressmscos | 4098 - 92.28 | 7-72 8-64 33.63 7-0 | 3.01 ; 4763 Sheep lle eescecceseo= | 4099 = 92.41 | 7.59 | 8.97 | 33.88 7-18 38} 4839 | | ' Sheep El . .-...-2:--- 4160 — | 90.63 | 9.37 8-97 | 34.95 | 44.52 | 2.19 4628 Sheep IV -.......--.. | 4101 —~ | 90.22) 9.78! 12.10 | 28.97 | 46.16 | 2.99 4766 }

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

83

AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

) 5 3 _ nN Q LOR: a | &3 fa) (=| SHEEP 1. Grams | Grams Oat hay (cut when in WAUVE)) oy Do0e00090adeOdeH 2805.2 | 2632.8 INGXEOE) SSdo0sbocobnD6DD00 1466.6 | 1853.3 Digested ...........e.62-| 1338.6 | 1279.5 Per cent digested...... 47.7 48.5 SHEEP II. : Oat hay (cut when in WM) caoooaooe Gadoaune 1468.2 | 1876.7 IBGE Goooogoananoncassaa 694.5 641.8 Digested......... 900000 5 773.7 734.9 Per cent digested...... 52.7 53.3 SHEEP III. Oat hay (cut when in TENN) aooadaces cdeBe00a 2936.4 | 2753.4 HE CESismeeciers afetetetelanistetetsters 1431.4 | 1297.3 Digested ..... sand9000000 1505.0 | 1456.1 Per cent digested...... 51.2 52.8 SHEEP IV. Oat hay (cut when in TAME SoogopeHaDoDOdDOCC 1226.2 | 1154.3 HIE CES acetals So0ddndacna0s 493.5 445.5 DISESTER eccccncec--sa:| lor.4 708.8 Per cent digested...... 59.7 61.4 J\\GUEAS) AopoGG00000C 52.8 54.0

Ash.

Grams.| Grams.

172.4 113.3

59.1 34.3

oe 52.

38. 42.

m= oO a9

183. 134.

© HOS

26.

a

bo oo a O& Ds Cc

Protein.

303.0

126.7 176.3 58.2

155.

= ie) _

Oo oO M-=I

i) ie Lon! ay A. O35 g | BE o AP 2 pepe) len! “rt i Ao

Grams.| Grams.

878.6 | 1359.0 493.2 689.2

385.4 669.8 43.9 49.3 463 710.

oo

bo

a o 6 ASD

“1 lo 0) ~~ HS eS eT

375.6 595.9 143.0 228.0 232.6 367.9 61.9 61.7 50.3 55.0

Fat.

Grams.

92.2 44.2

48.0 52.1

47.7 16.5

31.2 65.4

95.5 31.4

64.1 67.1

41.6 14.7

26.9 64.7 62.3

FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER. = : om re) 8 iS) 3 | o On ob) = 0 = ies a2 fo?) = a a as aa | ae Eo > br bo Se oa s che go che ae 35 oe 5° 532 5° 52 °° oso pe Fs ee 5 Be nae Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. % Saray) IE Gogoosdoo0n00s 12795 6937 5808 153.4 5961.4 46.6 SMV) I cosenncouoos 6696 . 3360 3336 81.0 3417.0 51.0 Sheep Tl... 225...) 13393 6625 6768 158.3 6926.3 51.7 SIAEEOINY 6 abogaoooc 5593 2353 3240 70.8 3310.8 59.2

6

84 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 65—(OAT HAY CUT IN DOUGH.) RATIONS FED.

a

Fed daily, Sheep 1, 600 grams per day.

: . Fed daily, Sheep II, 400 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep IV, 400 grams per day. COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES. x WATER-FREE. = (eo) = aM i = eS aece d oe 8 Pa S =D oot “2 Sno oe S i er 2 2 Ss c= 3 56 = b> | wg | o ° ofan eet hel ia as = = a oy 4 a On < oy & Ao ce OR) FODDER. : % % % % % % % Oat hay (cut when in Gourh) ise. seis 4089 | 83.70 | 93.77 | 6.28} 7.73 | 31.74] 50.91 | 3.89 | 4541 FECES. Sheepiiceeae ese: 4091} - | 91.85 | 8.15] 9.89 | 34.45 | 45.54 | 2.47 | 4643 Sheep illest sas ee 4092 | - | 93.50] 6.50| 8.36 | 35.77 | 46.43 | 2.94 | 4850 Shree pilliyeaessseee 4093 | - | 91.43 | 8.57] 8.69] 35.23] 45.29] 2.21 | 4654 Shee pil Veeweeece seas 404 | - | 91.84] 8.16 | 12.05] 31.01] 45.40 | 3.38) 4859

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

85

TOTAL NUIRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

2 2 5 3 & 5 n =I € me =| os Bees | le e Sl sie 4 a oy | < 3 & ZS = SHEEP I. Grams.| Grams.) Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.) Grams. Oat hay (cut when in GOWAN) | 3550600.00G00000 2304.7 2162.1 142.6 184.8 | 711.1 1184.1 82.1 LOE oandese Goacode eee} 1080.4 992.4 88.0 101-5 |) 372-3 492.0 26.6 Digested...... alefelcisteleteiel| ekeateo |p LLGS 17) 54.6 83.3 338.8 692.1 5D. 5 | | | Per cent digested ..... bade 54.1 38.3 45.1 | 47.6 58.4 67.6 SHEEP II. | Oat hay (cut when in GlOWESN)) paocaocco sagooao|} Wala). 1463.2 96.3 124.4 483.8 800.1 | 54.9 INGe@)as dae soasaboaenoodee 674.1 630.3 43.8 56.3 241.2 313.0 | 19.8 IDs KeteCHGKOlO5a00000 sueabesn 885.4 832.9 52.5 68.1 242.6 487.1 | 35.1 Per cent digested...... 56.1 56.9 54.5 54.7 50.2 60.9 | 63.9 SHEEP IIT. Oat hay (cut when in ChOWKEAN)) cosg4ngo50 eacoo6 2511.0 2354.5 156.5 194.0 797.0 1278.5 | 85.0 HECESE cissiaciecte caleleloreteletafels 1225.4 1120.3 105.1 106.5 431.7 555.0 | 27.1 Digested..... soo0d00000e 1285.6 | 1234.2 51.4 87.5 365.3 723.5 57.9 Per cent digested..... 51.1 52.4 32.8 45.1 45.8 56.6 68.1 SHEEP [V. Oat hay (cut when in CIGD) soa6d6o00 So00sea|| lk yall 1367.7 89.4 119.9 441.1) 753.2 53.5 EGE Socopo0c0a0c00dn0006 657.2 603.6 53.6 79.2 203.8 298.4 22.2 IDSC! Gogaooomascouee 799.9 764.1 35.8 40.7 | 287.38 | 454.8 31.3 | | Per cent digested...... 54.8 55.8 40.0 33.9 | 53.8 60.4 58.5 FASVICIAD C ieeleielateieelelelels 53.8 54.8 41.4 44.7 | 49.4 | 59.1 64.5

FUEL VALUE OF FOOD FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.

iS i) os i) =

od o on 2) SB t

B3 iB Ze Es == 2

= 3 3 Py ae 2S =

Era) ob eS Se ae =

aco a 2 = a Tae

26 23 a6 23 2s 3

ea} eo} cape = cS Fat

Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories.| Calories. %

MECH WE n6666 oabobe 10466 5016 5450 72.5 5522.5 52.7 SHEED MM Sacdoogsace:s 7082 3269 3815 59.2 3872.2 54.7 Sheep lll. cc... 11402 5703 5699 76.1 5775.1 50.6 Say) UY Godesoebod 6617 3193 3424 35.4 3459.4 52.2

86 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 66—(OAT HAY PARTLY IN BLOOM, PARTLY IN MILK.) RATIONS, Fed daily, Sheep I, 600 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams per day. COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES. m W ATER-FREE. = a 2 8 3 s 2 3 S| 2s | os 3 = [oofieb} “rt me ‘ol Oe e) ig 3 Q oD os mA 4 A | 68 | « a & | 25 | & | Ob FODDER. | To To % % To To % Oat hay (just coming ing into milk)...... 4127 | 86.24 | 92.66 | 7.34 | 10.20] 33.48 | 45.66 | 3.32] 4535 FECES. STAGE Il ciosdsaooussoae 4128 | - | 89.95 /10.05| 7.95 | 34.95 | 44.10] 2.95) 4611 Sheep ir eeenaeeee 4129] - | 89.33 |10.67| 8.89] 34.06] 43.80 | 2.58) 4655

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PER CENT DIGESTED.

Ss) 1S) oO § Qo a & mn 2 Os 3 Se mn go A 5) H On al ial cal 4 —— A oye < a ey ZS cs SHEEP I. Grams.| Grams.| Grams.| Grams.|} Grams.| Grams.| Grams. Oat hay (just coming WAKO) WANN) Goosccooens 9587.2 | 2397.3 189.9 263.9 866.2 | 1181.5 85.9 - INECES) Macc cease Ae wlasieetes 1132.3 | 1018.5 113.8 90.1 395.7 499.3 33.4 Amount. digested...... 1454.9 | 1378.8 76.1 173.8 470.5 682.0 52.5: Per cent digested ..... 56.2 57.5 40.1 65.9 54.3 57-7 61.1 SHEEP III. Oat hay (just coming TMK) waahLES) Saoogooodoe 2587.2 2397-3 189.9 263.9 866.2 1181.3 85.9 FeGeS.......eeenere oo0000 1151.5 1028.7 122.9 102.4 392.2 504.3 29/77. Amount digested ...... 1435.7 | 1868.6 67.0 161.5 474.0 677.0 56.2 Per cent digested...... 55.5 Affoil 35.3 61.2 54.7 57.3 65.4 AVE€YLAZE ......-cees 55.9 57.3 37.7 63.6 54.5 57.5 63.3

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP. 87

FUEL VALUE FOR FOUR DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER.

Fe o

ae fa) oo 3 é o cs) oF ay Ao © cE Z. BS Bo 5 225 Brg aR pol as aa sas pS po ES PS a> S/S Ox Oe oF Os aa WSs ion, elect S/S Bay os o5¢ ne) qo qe mo Ae Sac

Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. | Calories. %

silage ll Gongasoo000Gd 11733 5221 6512 151.2 6663 .2 56.79 rlayeya) INNS Go5qad05 11783 5360 6373 140.5 6513.5 55.51

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 67—(OAT HAY, PARTLY IN MILK, AND PARTLY IN DOUGH.) RATIONS. Fed daily, Sheep I, 600 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep III, 600 grams per day.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

R WATER-FREE. = = 2 =| 5) 2 2 | 2 | 28 se 2 3 BL BS os is Mccoy et lars 2 Fear ee es as 2 sess | ae) Se 4 A oy=| < io ee Ao & © & KODDER. _ % % % % % % % Oat hay (just coming into dough stage)..| 41380 86.72 92.79 | 7.21 7.60 33.96 47.42 | 3.81 4649 FECES. SHEED Le ou cisielscies eee | 4131 - 90.00 |10.00 8.82 35.96 42.86 | 2-36 4587 PITS G Lelie sieve teicistorevs claves 4132 - 90.09 | 9.91 8.97 36.17 42.48 | 2.47 4613

88 MAINE

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN DAYS AND

Dry substance,

\ |

I

SHEEP I.

Oat hay (just coming!) into dough stage)...-| 2601.6

Oat hay (just coming|

Feces Bee eeezec eal 1197.2

Digested -.......- od.) uagee|

Per cent digested...-.- | 5.0 SHEEP III. |

|

Grams. Grams. |

\ |

into dough stage).. Bed 2601.6 |

BeCOSi:--cneccs aan-ceeen| 1183-2

PRS ested see esesenseeaee= 1468.4 |

Per cent digested...... | 56.4 AVETAagE «..02000200-| 30-2

FUEL VALUE FOR FIVE

. . SHCep Ee cesasaceeee 12095 Sheep HT. - 2... : 20S |

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FIVE PER CENT DIGESTED. = r / ] ' 2 | | Wess a) poe Ss | | | ~ = | i =a | aaah we | = a | oe = | ye oie Ninaeees WA srl atl o |iea i) ss = S a | | = { Z 3 = j ! ; Grams. |Grams. Grams. |Grams |Grams. 214.0 | 187.6] 197.7) 883.5] 1253.7| 99.1 107-5} 19-7| 105.6] 430-5] 513-1| 283 | | | | | 1336.5] 67-9] 92.1| 453.0 70.6] 70-8 | | | | 55-4) 36.2) 46.5) 513] 58.4/) 714 | | ] | 2414.0| 187-6) 197-7| 883-5| 1233.7} 99.1 1020.9| 112.3| 1016) 409.9) 481.4/ 28.0 | | | 1 1398.1| 75.3) 96.1| 473.6] 72.3| ‘71-1 s-7| 40.1| 48.6] 53.6| 61-0] 717 ) | | 56.6| 38.2| 47.6) 52.5] 59.7) 71.6 | ! DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB CALORIMETER. | | iS lie | = | =e ene 52 = ae ee =ze ar 1 RB eats Sears == ee ee = — Pa | = | => aos 5192 6603 | 80.1 | 6683-1 55.25 | j 527 6868 $3.6 | 6951.6 | 37-47

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 68—(H-O HORSE FEED.)

This feed was fed without hay or other coarse fodder, which is a somewhat unusual thing to do with so concentrated a feed. It was not analyzed before the experiment was made as its com- position was supposed to be about the same as that of a sample previously analyzed, but it proved to be considerably richer. The sheep were quite large and strong, however, and stood the ration very well, only one refusing to eat all that was given him.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITH SHEEP.

RATIONS,

Fed daily, Sheep II, 800 grams per day. Fed daily, Sheep III, 800 grams per day.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

FI W ATER-FREE. = = = A o > 4 2 2 5 3 2]: d | $3 =| oi) 4 (o) =I = o os 2 b> | me o | 38 eal vt om fon] ort i = =) on oy Zo FODDERS. % % % % H-OVETOLSe) WEG sie ccrecisieie own ee sieesieves 4080 88.94 | 96.36 | 15.11] 65.84 FECES. SAGES 1 GosqcbooocnoCeoon0D0E siefetetteters 4087 - 86.90 | 18.96 | 44.62 SHES Ppl Garis cieisicieicisteteleyelesveisieletes Z000006 4088 - 90.67 11.62 48.01

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES EXCRETED IN FIVE

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

g 3 3 =| o S) g ey 5 n La - fe) ° d O43 z a 3 ae a aw) oe 2 io 8 Es =) S ay Ao SHEEP II. Grams.}| Grams.} Grams. | Grams. i OVELOUSC UME CO aeeisiet i cleicislasieieisisieieiels 3201.8 3085.3 483.8 2108.1 SCO sieiriclcisiniclercelersreisioieieisreletetetere sand0000 748.2 650.2 141.9 333.8 DIZ ESTE Mieciclelalclsicieeicleleie nietelelatetotatotatetetstoter 2453.6 2485.1 341.9 1774.3 Per cent digested .............0...00- 76.6 78.9 70.7 84.3 SHEEP III. AO TOLTSC MEE ietelelaicietoinisieictelcicieierslstal> 3557.6 3428.2 537.6 2342.3 Feces....... Sales lcle'enielsleleratetata S00 G0000000 897.5 813.8 104.3 430.9 MIITSSSLC CH lomiercleistalsicleisivieln)ciceinters arhiooocabe 2660.1 2614.4 433.3 1911.4 PZCVICEN bi GIS CSUCC i. ajealelaeieieie\sielsclels'ajerele 74.8 76.3 80.6 81.6 ENN IGUE ERE cB d0O ON 50000 SO0n0R0 Oa600C 75.7 77.6 75.7 83.0

Fat.

Grams. 140.6

56.8 103.8 73.9

156.2 20.9 135.3 86.6 80.3

go MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

DIGESTION EXPERIMENT 69—(FLAX MEAL FED WITH OAT HAY.) RATIONS.

Fed daily, Sheep I, Oat hay, 400 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

Fed daily, Sheep II, Oat hay, 400 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

Fed daily, Sheep III, Oat hay, 400 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

Fed daily, Sheep IV, Oat hay, 200 grams; Flax meal 200 grams.

COMPOSITION OF FODDERS AND FECES.

i | | W ATER-FREE.

1 a

| 4 i

a= | = oe | = = | | = = | | | ro) 5 aa = 1 © a4 at = eo | = = cs o = | | f — o fe) = = | D =

7 | - = = = > | =z =. n e [o=} ot =| So r=) za r= = oA = oS) =: = = = = cs = = Ce ee = ) ce = ‘) f= — > Oo = as — =) = =e ‘mo | © = =o = == a 4 = 4 =

a (2) ‘@) qf = = Ao = Dm

FODDERS. _| % | % | & J | % % % Oat hay (cut when in} Tt) 9 eee eee | 4096 | 73-41 | 93-77 | 6-23 | 10.58 | 31-53 | 48-41 | 3.25 | 4561 | |

Cleveland Flax Meal] £108 | 91-17) 94.07 | 5-93 | 44.15 | 7.97 | 36.92 | 5.03 | 4791

FECES | Sheep Uccstescessenee | 4112 = 90.12 | 9.88 | 15.19] 32-63 | 40.43) 1.87 | 4589

| | | Sheepill- so ' est | 43} - | 92.85| 7.15) 12.48] 34.09| 44.09 | 2.19| 4780 Sheep lll <..-s.sckcsae 4114 = 90.46 | 9.54) 17.99 | 29.79 | 40.37 | 2.31 | 4661

DIGESTION EXPERIMENTS WITE SHEEP.

TOTAL NUTRIENTS IN FOOD EATEN AND FECES

DAYS AND PERCENTAGES DIGESTED.

QI

EXCRETED FOR FIVE

Ligyel Tha Inehy Ggogooooncosdoadoo0Gme 309809 Fed in flax meal..... Marcle totersissteyareicrninre

Total fed....... nuepcococonanDoedoD Total feces...... sdcndbodcods eodsOnEaC PROGAINGI SE SHE cterctelsiaiel> clelsirlals eletaleleieie ater> Digested from hay.............- oonoe Digested from flax meal ............

Per cent digested from flax meal ..

SHEEP II.

HG CUI ays erecieerlonicclerentaisieletetec terete 505 AE Gis fl Gx ME Alll.sc).c acictsrsisvelersierelsleleic cles

AROSE! Cl coconaocdood noanootonoao00 ‘Total feces........ poroscoaddeone doa0ds PRotalidisested ccm eee tel cre sonoccse Dis eStedeErom NAViec-meemtleelriee ster Digested from flax meal ....... s000c

Per cent digested from flax meal ..

SHEEP III.

Fed in hay......... doo nd000d06 scooaad0 Fed in flax meal...... asonscgonccoosde

Total fed ...... ddoaomooocs cos eieeiee Total feces........ asabod Souaaosodoons Total digested ........... statetalstolsts so00 Digested from hay..... anaosctia oocock Digested from flax meal ............

Per cent digested from flax meal ..|

SHEEP IV.

MOE A reeteeeeeeiaelereistere oscccccce PP OGAISFE CES ae clsieiaisieice selnie las oe spnonoot Total digested........... Picrefeleatateictereiets Digested from hay........... Sattaletarets Digested from flax meal...... soodne Percent digested from fiax meal..

AVETAZE...cc00e pandodoodac elecefeistate

Dry substance.

Grams.

1468

eS 0 pf

2 oS ©

«2 Ee 7

911. 9

Sr

ro

Arto

wo +1

in)

bo

Organie matter.

Nitrogen-free

S 3 3 E ~ = . °o Pe) ~ a A é _ Oo = | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. | Grams. 137637 155.4 710.6 | 47.7 857.6 | 402.5 336.6 | 45.8 2234.3 557-9-| 1047.2 93.5 $87.2 149.5 398.1 | 18.4 1347.1 | 408.4 649.1 75-1 | 668.9 | 90.4 350.3 24.9 | 678.2 318.0 298.8 | 50.2 79.1 | 79.0 88.8 | 109.6 | 1376.7 155.4 710.6 | 47.7 857.6 402.5 | 336.6 45.8 2234.3 | 557.9| 1047.2 93.5 744.6 | 100.1] 353.5 17.6 1489.7 457.8 | 693.7 | 75.9 734.9 93.1 382.9 31.2 | 754.8 364.7 | 310.8 | 44.7 88.0 | 90.6 92.3 97.6 | | 1376.7 155.4 | 710.6 47.7 357.6 402.5 336.6 45.8 2934.3} 587.9 | 1047.2 93.5 $17.9 162.7 365.0 20.9 1416.4 395.2 682.2 72.6 727.4 90.9} 391.5 32.0 689.0 | 304.3! 290.7 40.6 | 80.3 75.6 86.4 | 88.6 688.4 Thal 355.3 23.8 857.6 402.5 336.6 45.8 1546.0 480.2 691.9 69.6 418.7 96.2 | 19.9 15.2 1127.3 384.0 | 496.0 54.4 423.2 44.9 219.4 15.4 704.1 339.1 276.6 39.0 §2.1 84.2 $2.2 85.2 82.4 $2.4 87.4 95.3

g2 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

FUEL VALUE FOR FIVE DAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE BOMB

CALORIMETER. | j | [ : ee Be | IN a iets] «es 2 ) rS) 22 ° = | 9 BY Vile mal) es “ = f= eal ee a2 g 2n5 Rubes = Een | ated se S see > Ss CE re the ae 2s = RES PSS Tess Sl siae zs e | mas | | | | F Calories. | Calories.| Calories. Calories. Calories. ‘] } Sheen Dis-.4 She | 11064 sis | 6586 | 355.3 | sOn.3 | 62.87 Sheep WW. 2s53358.. 11064 3833 | 7231 | 398.3 7629.3 | 68.95 Sheep III .......-.-. 11064 4215 | ess9 | 343-8 | 7192-8 | 65-01 Sheep IV ....... “are 7716 215 | 5501 | 334.0 | 5835.0 | 75.62

SUMMARY OF DIGESTION COEFFICIENTS OBTAINED IN THE EXPERT MENTS HERE REPORTED*

eee |

|\23i3 | eee |

|2e| 28) 8 | 6 lad

cep Se ie lea a eee |

Zo 5 2. <q ae) = Oat hay: cut in bloom..............- 63 | ee } 57 Ee | =: 59-9 | ss 4 3 Oat hay: cutin milk...... SE he | 6£ | 52.8 | 54.0 | 34.1 | 58.6 | 50.3 | 55.0 2.3 Oat hay: cut in dough .........-.....- | 63 | 33-8 | 54-5 | 41.0 4.7 49.4 | 59.1) 64.5 Oat hay: cut in bloom and milk....| 66 55.9 | 57-3 | 37-7 | 63-6 | 54-5 | 57-5 | 63.3 Oat hay: cut in milk and dough....) 67 | 55.2 | 56.6 | 38.2 | 47.6 | 52-5 | 59-7 | 71-6 H_-O'iCols Horse Heed: 2.2. ..ce.26 200 | 68 75-1 | 77-6 | = |75-7) = | 68.01] 80-3 Hitmen loess ssseneanisea cas see ----| 69 | S0-6 | 82.4 — | 22.4 = 87.4 | 95.5

*QOn pages 156 to 158 of the Report of this Station for 1897 there are given the results of all digestion experiments with sheep made at the Station up to that time.

OAT HAY HARVESTED At DiIRRE REND STAGES OF MATURED Y.

J2 MEP BARTEE TT

It is quite a common practice with many farmers to harvest oats before the grain is mature and cure them for coarse fodder. This is a very desirable plan to follow at times when the hay crop is short, or in localities where the land is badly infested with noxious weeds like the Canada thistle or wild mustard, both of which should be cut before they seed.

The oat plant, however, is not an ideal one for making hay. The stalks are hollow, coarse and hard, and unless dried very quickly in a bright sun they become bleached, even when cut green, so that they look little better than straw. To cure the crop in its best condition and retain its bright green color and palatability, it should be dried in a bright sun for a few hours, with liberal use of the hay tedder when there is a heavy growth; then raked together and the curing completed in the windrow or cock, with as little exposure to moisture as possible. If the weather is unfavorable, as is frequently the case during the lat- ter part of July or first of August when oats are mature enough to cut for hay, they are very liable to be seriously injured and rendered unpalatable. They have not proved a good crop for ensiling, not keeping nearly as well as corn or many other crops, therefore the silo cannot be offered as a means of curing in bad weather. Oats, however, when not sown too thickly, have an advantage over other plants, which make more desirable hay, of being a fairly good catch crop for seeding to grass, as they mature early enough to allow the young grass to get a good start in the fall, and for this reason are desirable on the farm.

It is quite well known, and there is considerable experimental data showing that most plants like the grasses, clovers, etc., ustu- ally grown for hay are at their best to harvest when in bloom, but

Q4 MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

as regards oats there is very little available information indicat- ing at what stage of growth they should be cut for hay making.

Accordingly some experiments were undertaken to determine the comparative value of oat hay cut at different stages of maturity. In 1897 a section of a field of oats was set apart for these tests. The portion selected was covered with a fairly uni- form growth and the oats in all parts of it appeared at about the same stage of maturity. The piece was then divided into three equal sections. One of these sections was cut on July 27th when the oats were in bloom. A second section was cut one week later, August 5th, when nearly all the kernels were in the milk stage, and the third August 12th when nearly all the grains had passed to the dough stage of maturity, the tops and upper por- tion of the stalks were green, but the lower portions showed signs of ripening. When cured this cutting made nearly as good looking hay as the other two sections, but evidently was not as palatable as it was not as readily eaten by the sheep. Care was taken in curing all the cuttings to avoid exposure to moisture, all were dried as quickly as possible and then stored in the barn until needed for further work.

To estimate the increased yield from the growth of the crop during the time that elapsed between the cuttings, three sections, each I0 x15 feet, were taken in different parts of the large plats. One third, five feet of the length, was cut each time that cuttings were made from the larger sections, carefully dried and the dry matter determined in each, which is given in pounds per acre.

Dry matter of Ist cutting per acre, 4418.8 pounds. Dry matter of 2d cutting per acre, 5218.3 pounds. Dry matter of 3d cutting per acre, 4571.0 pounds.

The third cutting was worked on somewhat by birds, which probably accounts for the decrease in yield below the second.

The composition of the hays cut at different stages of maturity is shown in the table which follows. Another table also shows the composition of three different sections of the oat plant, the object being to determine at what distance from the ground the oats should be cut, or what loss occurred by leaving along stubble. Some plants 3% to 4 feet high were cut close to the ground; then divided into three sections, one of which was

OAT HAY. 95.

the first eight inches of the lower part of the stalk, another the second eight inches, and the third, the remainder of the plant or top. An inspection of the table shows a marked difference in composition of the different sections. The bottom section has very little food value, containing only 2.77% protein and 1.90% fat, both of which are probably not more than 40% digestible. The second section has only about half the protein of the top section and its digestibility is probably less. It would, there- fore, be advisable to leave a high stubble, not less than eight to ten inches of plants 3 to 4 feet high in harvesting, and the loss incurred will be more than compensated by the improved quality and palatability of the hay by leaving the coarser part of the stalks on the ground.

COMPOSITION OF THE WATER-FREE OAT HAYS.

A 2 2 > = 3S + 2 : fel = = Li Pa S 2 2 5) os 4 elite g SIE See hake 4 < m4 = Zo = Toba al Bob NO RCEI | 6 Oat hay: cut when grain was in dough ...| 4089 | 6.23 Tete) |) Bisbee |) EVERI || BESE: Oat hay: cut when grain was in milk..... 4096 | 6.23 | 10.58 | 31.53 | 48.41] 3.25 Oat hay: cut when in bloom........... e-- | 4097 | 7-55 9.86 | 36.70 | 43.38 | 2.51 | Oat hay: cut when just beginning to come TNO) THN, cogcameodapasaoo an SOduCCU-nooCCRscS 4127 | 7.34 | 10.20] 33.48 | 45.66 | 3.32 Oat hay: cut when part of the kernel had passed to dough stage ..................-- 4130 | 7.21 7-60 | 33.96 | 47.42 | 3.81 Oat hay: first 8-inch section of bottom of Stallkgeeeeteieisteetet ie eects Seaconsstecnuec 4134 | 6.84 2.77 | 43.49 | 45.00} 1.90 Oat hay: second 8-inch section of stalk...) 4135 | 8.16 4.79 | 41.60 |